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C++ Template Metaprogramming.pdf
1. C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
2. Table of Contents
3. Copyright
4. The C++ In-Depth Series
4.1 Titles in the Series
5. Preface
6. Acknowledgments
6.1 Dave's Acknowledgments
6.2 Aleksey's Acknowledgments
7. Making the Most of This Book
7.1 Supplementary Material
7.2 Trying It Out
8. Chapter 1. Introduction
8.1 Section 1.1. Getting Started
8.2 Section 1.2. So What's a Metaprogram?
8.3 Section 1.3. Metaprogramming in the Host Language
8.4 Section 1.4. Metaprogramming in C++
8.5 Section 1.5. Why Metaprogramming?
8.6 Section 1.6. When Metaprogramming?
8.7 Section 1.7. Why a Metaprogramming Library?
9. Chapter 2. Traits and Type Manipulation
9.1 Section 2.1. Type Associations
9.2 Section 2.2. Metafunctions
9.3 Section 2.3. Numerical Metafunctions
9.4 Section 2.4. Making Choices at Compile Time
9.5 Section 2.5. A Brief Tour of the Boost Type Traits Library
9.6 Section 2.6. Nullary Metafunctions
9.7 Section 2.7. Metafunction Definition
9.8 Section 2.8. History
9.9 Section 2.9. Details
9.10 Section 2.10. Exercises
10. Chapter 3. A Deeper Look at Metafunctions
10.1 Section 3.1. Dimensional Analysis
10.2 Section 3.2. Higher-Order Metafunctions
10.3 Section 3.3. Handling Placeholders
10.4 Section 3.4. More Lambda Capabilities
10.5 Section 3.5. Lambda Details
10.6 Section 3.6. Details
10.7 Section 3.7. Exercises
11. Chapter 4. Integral Type Wrappers and Operations
11.1 Section 4.1. Boolean Wrappers and Operations
11.2 Section 4.2. Integer Wrappers and Operations
11.3 Section 4.3. Exercises
12. Chapter 5. Sequences and Iterators
12.1 Section 5.1. Concepts
12.2 Section 5.2. Sequences and Algorithms
12.3 Section 5.3. Iterators
12.4 Section 5.4. Iterator Concepts
12.5 Section 5.5. Sequence Concepts
12.6 Section 5.6. Sequence Equality
12.7 Section 5.7. Intrinsic Sequence Operations
12.8 Section 5.8. Sequence Classes
12.9 Section 5.9. Integral Sequence Wrappers
12.10 Section 5.10. Sequence Derivation
12.11 Section 5.11. Writing Your Own Sequence
12.12 Section 5.12. Details
12.13 Section 5.13. Exercises
13. Chapter 6. Algorithms
13.1 Section 6.1. Algorithms, Idioms, Reuse, and Abstraction
13.2 Section 6.2. Algorithms in the MPL
13.3 Section 6.3. Inserters
13.4 Section 6.4. Fundamental Sequence Algorithms
13.5 Section 6.5. Querying Algorithms
13.6 Section 6.6. Sequence Building Algorithms
13.7 Section 6.7. Writing Your Own Algorithms
13.8 Section 6.8. Details
13.9 Section 6.9. Exercises
14. Chapter 7. Views and Iterator Adaptors
14.1 Section 7.1. A Few Examples
14.2 Section 7.2. View Concept
14.3 Section 7.3. Iterator Adaptors
14.4 Section 7.4. Writing Your Own View
14.5 Section 7.5. History
14.6 Section 7.6. Exercises
15. Chapter 8. Diagnostics
15.1 Section 8.1. Debugging the Error Novel
15.2 Section 8.2. Using Tools for Diagnostic Analysis
15.3 Section 8.3. Intentional Diagnostic Generation
15.4 Section 8.4. History
15.5 Section 8.5. Details
15.6 Section 8.6. Exercises
16. Chapter 9. Crossing the Compile-Time/Runtime Boundary
16.1 Section 9.1. for_each
16.2 Section 9.2. Implementation Selection
16.3 Section 9.3. Object Generators
16.4 Section 9.4. Structure Selection
16.5 Section 9.5. Class Composition
16.6 Section 9.6. (Member) Function Pointers as Template Arguments
16.7 Section 9.7. Type Erasure
16.8 Section 9.8. The Curiously Recurring Template Pattern
16.9 Section 9.9. Explicitly Managing the Overload Set
16.10 Section 9.10. The "sizeof Trick"
16.11 Section 9.11. Summary
16.12 Section 9.12. Exercises
17. Chapter 10. Domain-Specific Embedded Languages
17.1 Section 10.1. A Little Language ...
17.2 Section 10.2. ... Goes a Long Way
17.3 Section 10.3. DSLs, Inside Out
17.4 Section 10.4. C++ as the Host Language
17.5 Section 10.5. Blitz++ and Expression Templates
17.6 Section 10.6. General-Purpose DSELs
17.7 Section 10.7. The Boost Spirit Library
17.8 Section 10.8. Summary
17.9 Section 10.9. Exercises
18. Chapter 11. A DSEL Design Walkthrough
18.1 Section 11.1. Finite State Machines
18.2 Section 11.2. Framework Design Goals
18.3 Section 11.3. Framework Interface Basics
18.4 Section 11.4. Choosing a DSL
18.5 Section 11.5. Implementation
18.6 Section 11.6. Analysis
18.7 Section 11.7. Language Directions
18.8 Section 11.8. Exercises
19. Appendix A. An Introduction to Preprocessor Metaprogramming
19.1 Section A.1. Motivation
19.2 Section A.2. Fundamental Abstractions of the Preprocessor
19.3 Section A.3. Preprocessor Library Structure
19.4 Section A.4. Preprocessor Library Abstractions
19.5 Section A.5. Exercise
20. Appendix B. The typename and template Keywords
20.1 Section B.1. The Issue
20.2 Section B.2. The Rules
21. Appendix C. Compile-Time Performance
21.1 Section C.1. The Computational Model
21.2 Section C.2. Managing Compilation Time
21.3 Section C.3. The Tests
22. Appendix D. MPL Portability Summary
23. CD-ROM Warranty
24. Bibliography
C++ Template
Metaprogramming:
Concepts, Tools, and
Techniques from Boost and
Beyond
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
Table of Contents
1. C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 6
3. Copyright ................................................................................................................................. 10
4. The C++ In-Depth Series .......................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Titles in the Series ............................................................................................................. 12
5. Preface .................................................................................................................................... 13
6. Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 13
6.1 Dave's Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 13
6.2 Aleksey's Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 14
7. Making the Most of This Book ................................................................................................ 14
7.1 Supplementary Material ................................................................................................... 15
7.2 Trying It Out ...................................................................................................................... 15
8. Chapter 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 16
8.1 Section 1.1. Getting Started ............................................................................................. 16
8.2 Section 1.2. So What's a Metaprogram? ......................................................................... 17
8.3 Section 1.3. Metaprogramming in the Host Language .................................................... 18
8.4 Section 1.4. Metaprogramming in C++ ............................................................................ 18
8.5 Section 1.5. Why Metaprogramming? ............................................................................. 21
8.6 Section 1.6. When Metaprogramming? ........................................................................... 22
8.7 Section 1.7. Why a Metaprogramming Library? .............................................................. 23
9. Chapter 2. Traits and Type Manipulation .............................................................................. 24
9.1 Section 2.1. Type Associations ......................................................................................... 24
9.2 Section 2.2. Metafunctions .............................................................................................. 27
9.3 Section 2.3. Numerical Metafunctions ............................................................................ 30
9.4 Section 2.4. Making Choices at Compile Time ................................................................. 31
9.5 Section 2.5. A Brief Tour of the Boost Type Traits Library ............................................... 35
9.6 Section 2.6. Nullary Metafunctions ................................................................................. 40
9.7 Section 2.7. Metafunction Definition ............................................................................... 41
9.8 Section 2.8. History .......................................................................................................... 41
9.9 Section 2.9. Details ........................................................................................................... 42
9.10 Section 2.10. Exercises ................................................................................................... 45
1
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
10. Chapter 3. A Deeper Look at Metafunctions ....................................................................... 48
10.1 Section 3.1. Dimensional Analysis .................................................................................. 48
10.2 Section 3.2. Higher-Order Metafunctions ...................................................................... 58
10.3 Section 3.3. Handling Placeholders ................................................................................ 60
10.4 Section 3.4. More Lambda Capabilities ......................................................................... 62
10.5 Section 3.5. Lambda Details ........................................................................................... 63
10.6 Section 3.6. Details ......................................................................................................... 67
10.7 Section 3.7. Exercises ..................................................................................................... 69
11. Chapter 4. Integral Type Wrappers and Operations ............................................................ 70
11.1 Section 4.1. Boolean Wrappers and Operations ............................................................ 70
11.2 Section 4.2. Integer Wrappers and Operations ............................................................. 77
11.3 Section 4.3. Exercises ..................................................................................................... 81
12. Chapter 5. Sequences and Iterators..................................................................................... 83
12.1 Section 5.1. Concepts ..................................................................................................... 83
12.2 Section 5.2. Sequences and Algorithms ......................................................................... 84
12.3 Section 5.3. Iterators ...................................................................................................... 84
12.4 Section 5.4. Iterator Concepts ....................................................................................... 85
12.5 Section 5.5. Sequence Concepts .................................................................................... 89
12.6 Section 5.6. Sequence Equality ...................................................................................... 94
12.7 Section 5.7. Intrinsic Sequence Operations ................................................................... 94
12.8 Section 5.8. Sequence Classes ....................................................................................... 95
12.9 Section 5.9. Integral Sequence Wrappers ...................................................................... 99
12.10 Section 5.10. Sequence Derivation ............................................................................ 100
12.11 Section 5.11. Writing Your Own Sequence ................................................................ 101
12.12 Section 5.12. Details ................................................................................................... 111
12.13 Section 5.13. Exercises ............................................................................................... 111
13. Chapter 6. Algorithms ........................................................................................................ 114
13.1 Section 6.1. Algorithms, Idioms, Reuse, and Abstraction ............................................ 114
13.2 Section 6.2. Algorithms in the MPL .............................................................................. 116
13.3 Section 6.3. Inserters ................................................................................................... 117
13.4 Section 6.4. Fundamental Sequence Algorithms ......................................................... 119
13.5 Section 6.5. Querying Algorithms ................................................................................ 122
13.6 Section 6.6. Sequence Building Algorithms ................................................................. 123
13.7 Section 6.7. Writing Your Own Algorithms .................................................................. 126
2
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
13.8 Section 6.8. Details ....................................................................................................... 126
13.9 Section 6.9. Exercises ................................................................................................... 127
14. Chapter 7. Views and Iterator Adaptors ............................................................................ 129
14.1 Section 7.1. A Few Examples ........................................................................................ 129
14.2 Section 7.2. View Concept ........................................................................................... 135
14.3 Section 7.3. Iterator Adaptors ...................................................................................... 135
14.4 Section 7.4. Writing Your Own View ............................................................................ 136
14.5 Section 7.5. History ...................................................................................................... 137
14.6 Section 7.6. Exercises ................................................................................................... 137
15. Chapter 8. Diagnostics ....................................................................................................... 139
15.1 Section 8.1. Debugging the Error Novel ....................................................................... 139
15.2 Section 8.2. Using Tools for Diagnostic Analysis .......................................................... 149
15.3 Section 8.3. Intentional Diagnostic Generation ........................................................... 152
15.4 Section 8.4. History ...................................................................................................... 164
15.5 Section 8.5. Details ....................................................................................................... 165
15.6 Section 8.6. Exercises ................................................................................................... 166
16. Chapter 9. Crossing the Compile-Time/Runtime Boundary .............................................. 166
16.1 Section 9.1. for_each ................................................................................................... 167
16.2 Section 9.2. Implementation Selection ........................................................................ 169
16.3 Section 9.3. Object Generators .................................................................................... 174
16.4 Section 9.4. Structure Selection ................................................................................... 175
16.5 Section 9.5. Class Composition .................................................................................... 179
16.6 Section 9.6. (Member) Function Pointers as Template Arguments............................. 182
16.7 Section 9.7. Type Erasure ............................................................................................. 184
16.8 Section 9.8. The Curiously Recurring Template Pattern .............................................. 190
16.9 Section 9.9. Explicitly Managing the Overload Set ...................................................... 195
16.10 Section 9.10. The "sizeof Trick".................................................................................. 197
16.11 Section 9.11. Summary .............................................................................................. 198
16.12 Section 9.12. Exercises ............................................................................................... 199
17. Chapter 10. Domain-Specific Embedded Languages ......................................................... 200
17.1 Section 10.1. A Little Language ... ................................................................................ 200
17.2 Section 10.2. ... Goes a Long Way ................................................................................ 202
17.3 Section 10.3. DSLs, Inside Out ...................................................................................... 210
17.4 Section 10.4. C++ as the Host Language ...................................................................... 212
3
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
17.5 Section 10.5. Blitz++ and Expression Templates .......................................................... 214
17.6 Section 10.6. General-Purpose DSELs .......................................................................... 220
17.7 Section 10.7. The Boost Spirit Library .......................................................................... 229
17.8 Section 10.8. Summary ................................................................................................ 235
17.9 Section 10.9. Exercises ................................................................................................. 236
18. Chapter 11. A DSEL Design Walkthrough ........................................................................... 236
18.1 Section 11.1. Finite State Machines ............................................................................. 236
18.2 Section 11.2. Framework Design Goals........................................................................ 239
18.3 Section 11.3. Framework Interface Basics ................................................................... 240
18.4 Section 11.4. Choosing a DSL ....................................................................................... 241
18.5 Section 11.5. Implementation...................................................................................... 247
18.6 Section 11.6. Analysis ................................................................................................... 252
18.7 Section 11.7. Language Directions ............................................................................... 254
18.8 Section 11.8. Exercises ................................................................................................. 254
19. Appendix A. An Introduction to Preprocessor Metaprogramming ................................... 256
19.1 Section A.1. Motivation ............................................................................................... 257
19.2 Section A.2. Fundamental Abstractions of the Preprocessor ...................................... 258
19.3 Section A.3. Preprocessor Library Structure ................................................................ 260
19.4 Section A.4. Preprocessor Library Abstractions ........................................................... 261
19.5 Section A.5. Exercise .................................................................................................... 278
20. Appendix B. The typename and template Keywords......................................................... 279
20.1 Section B.1. The Issue .................................................................................................. 279
20.2 Section B.2. The Rules .................................................................................................. 283
21. Appendix C. Compile-Time Performance ........................................................................... 290
21.1 Section C.1. The Computational Model ....................................................................... 291
21.2 Section C.2. Managing Compilation Time .................................................................... 293
21.3 Section C.3. The Tests .................................................................................................. 294
22. Appendix D. MPL Portability Summary .............................................................................. 306
23. CD-ROM Warranty .............................................................................................................. 307
24. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 308
4
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
1. C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and
Techniques from Boost and Beyond
By David Abrahams, Aleksey Gurtovoy
Publisher : Addison Wesley Professional
Pub Date : December 10, 2004
ISBN : 0-321-22725-5
Pages : 400
"If you're like me, you're excited by what people do with template
metaprogramming (TMP) but are frustrated at the lack of clear guidance and
powerful tools. Well, this is the book we've been waiting for. With help from the
excellent Boost Metaprogramming Library, David and Aleksey take TMP from the
laboratory to the workplace with readable prose and practical examples, showing
that "compile-time STL" is as able as its runtime counterpart. Serving as a tutorial
as well as a handbook for experts, this is the book on C++ template
metaprogramming."Chuck Allison, Editor, The C++ Source
C++ Template Metaprogramming sheds light on the most powerful idioms of
today's C++, at long last delivering practical metaprogramming tools and
techniques into the hands of the everyday programmer.
A metaprogram is a program that generates or manipulates program code. Ever
since generic programming was introduced to C++, programmers have discovered
myriad "template tricks" for manipulating programs as they are compiled,
effectively eliminating the barrier between program and metaprogram. While
excitement among C++ experts about these capabilities has reached the
community at large, their practical application remains out of reach for most
programmers. This book explains what metaprogramming is and how it is best
used. It provides the foundation you'll need to use the template metaprogramming
effectively in your own work.
This book is aimed at any programmer who is comfortable with idioms of the
Standard Template Library (STL). C++ power-users will gain a new insight into
their existing work and a new fluency in the domain of metaprogramming.
Intermediate-level programmers who have learned a few advanced template
techniques will see where these tricks fit in the big picture and will gain the
conceptual foundation to use them with discipline. Programmers who have caught
the scent of metaprogramming, but for whom it is still mysterious, will finally gain
a clear understanding of how, when, and why it works. All readers will leave with a
new tool of unprecedented power at their disposalthe Boost Metaprogramming
Library.
The companion CD-ROM contains all Boost C++ libraries, including the Boost
Metaprogramming Library and its reference documentation, along with all of the
book's sample code and extensive supplementary material.
5
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
2. Table of Contents
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and
Beyond
By David Abrahams, Aleksey Gurtovoy
Publisher : Addison Wesley Professional
Pub Date : December 10, 2004
ISBN : 0-321-22725-5
Pages : 400
Copyright(See 3.)
The C++ In-Depth Series(See 4.)
Titles in the Series(See 4.1)
Preface(See 5.)
Acknowledgments(See 6.)
Dave's Acknowledgments(See 6.1)
Aleksey's Acknowledgments(See 6.2)
Making the Most of This Book(See 7.)
Supplementary Material(See 7.1)
Trying It Out(See 7.2)
Chapter 1. Introduction(See 8.)
Section 1.1. Getting Started(See 8.1)
Section 1.2. So What's a Metaprogram?(See 8.2)
Section 1.3. Metaprogramming in the Host Language(See 8.3)
Section 1.4. Metaprogramming in C++(See 8.4)
Section 1.5. Why Metaprogramming?(See 8.5)
Section 1.6. When Metaprogramming?(See 8.6)
Section 1.7. Why a Metaprogramming Library?(See 8.7)
Chapter 2. Traits and Type Manipulation(See 9.)
Section 2.1. Type Associations(See 9.1)
Section 2.2. Metafunctions(See 9.2)
6
C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond
Section 2.3. Numerical Metafunctions(See 9.3)
Section 2.4. Making Choices at Compile Time(See 9.4)
Section 2.5. A Brief Tour of the Boost Type Traits Library(See 9.5)
Section 2.6. Nullary Metafunctions(See 9.6)
Section 2.7. Metafunction Definition(See 9.7)
Section 2.8. History(See 9.8)
Section 2.9. Details(See 9.9)
Section 2.10. Exercises(See 9.10)
Chapter 3. A Deeper Look at Metafunctions(See 10.)
Section 3.1. Dimensional Analysis(See 10.1)
Section 3.2. Higher-Order Metafunctions(See 10.2)
Section 3.3. Handling Placeholders(See 10.3)
Section 3.4. More Lambda Capabilities(See 10.4)
Section 3.5. Lambda Details(See 10.5)
Section 3.6. Details(See 10.6)
Section 3.7. Exercises(See 10.7)
Chapter 4. Integral Type Wrappers and Operations(See 11.)
Section 4.1. Boolean Wrappers and Operations(See 11.1)
Section 4.2. Integer Wrappers and Operations(See 11.2)
Section 4.3. Exercises(See 11.3)
Chapter 5. Sequences and Iterators(See 12.)
Section 5.1. Concepts(See 12.1)
Section 5.2. Sequences and Algorithms(See 12.2)
Section 5.3. Iterators(See 12.3)
Section 5.4. Iterator Concepts(See 12.4)
Section 5.5. Sequence Concepts(See 12.5)
Section 5.6. Sequence Equality(See 12.6)
Section 5.7. Intrinsic Sequence Operations(See 12.7)
Section 5.8. Sequence Classes(See 12.8)
Section 5.9. Integral Sequence Wrappers(See 12.9)
Section 5.10. Sequence Derivation(See 12.10)
7
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