2005年福建厦门大学英语语言文学考研真题.doc

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2005 年福建厦门大学英语语言文学考研真题 Write down your answers to all the questions in this test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test center. Part One Reading Comprehension 70 points Directions: Each passage is followed by questions based on its content. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. Passage 1 The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments. 1.The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) present an overview of the different types of assignments available to women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces (B) present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces (C) present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in action (D) analyze the use of functional equivalence as a substitute for occupational equality in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces

2.According to the passage, despite the United States armed forces' commitment to occupational equality for women in the military, certain other factors preclude women's (A) receiving equal pay for equal work (B) having access to positions of responsibility at most levels (C) drawing assignments from a wider range of assignments than before (D) benefiting from opportunities arising from new non-combat functions 3.The passage implies that which of the following is a factor conducive to a more equitable representation of women in the United States armed forces than has existed in the past？ (A) The all-volunteer character of the present armed forces (B) The past service records of women who had assignments functionally equivalent to men's assignments (C) The level of awareness on the part of the larger society of military issues (D) A decline in the proportion of deterrence oriented non-combat assignments 4.The "dramatic gains for women" (line 2) and the attitude, as described in lines 11-12, of a "significant portion of the larger society" are logically related to each other inasmuch as the author puts forward the latter as (A) a public response to achievement of the former (B) the major reason for absence of the former (C) a precondition for any prospect of achieving the former (D) a catalyst for a further extension of the former Passage 2 Of the thousands of specimens of meteorites found on Earth and known to science, only about 100 are igneous; that is, they have undergone melting by volcanic action at some time since the planets were first formed. These igneous meteorites are known as achondrites because they lack chondrules-small stony spherules found in the thousands of meteorites (called "chondrites") composed primarily of unaltered

minerals that condensed from dust and gas at the origin of the solar system. Achondrites are the only known samples of volcanic rocks originating outside the Earth-Moon system. Most are thought to have been dislodged by interbody impact from asteroids, with diameters of from 10 to 500 kilometers, in solar orbit between Mars and Jupiter. Shergottites, the name given to three anomalous achondrites so far discovered on Earth, present scientists with a genuine enigma. Shergottites crystallized from molten rock less than 1.1 billion years ago (some 3.5 billion years later than typical achondrites) and were presumably ejected into space when an object impacted on a body similar in chemical composition to Earth. While most meteorites appear to derive from comparatively small bodies, shergottites exhibit properties that indicate that their source was a large planet, conceivably Mars. In order to account for such an unlikely source, some unusual factor must be invoked, because the impact needed to accelerate a fragment of rock to escape the gravitational field of a body even as small as the Moon is so great that no meteorites of lunar origin have been discovered. While some scientists speculate that shergottites derive from Io (a volcanically active moon of Jupiter), recent measurements suggest that since Io's surface is rich in sulfur and sodium, the chemical composition of its volcanic products would probably be unlike that of the shergottites. Moreover, any fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would be unlikely to escape the gravitational pull of Jupiter. The only other logical source of shergottites is Mars. Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface. From the small number of impact craters that appear on Martian lava flows, one can estimate that the planet was volcanically active as recently as a half-billion years ago-and may be active today. The great objection to the Martian origin of shergottites is the absence of lunar meteorites on Earth. An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon's smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. A recent study suggests, however, that permafrost ices below the surface of Mars may have altered the effects of impact on it. If the ices had been rapidly vaporized by an impacting object, the expanding gases might have helped the ejected fragments reach escape velocity. Finally, analyses performed by space probes show a remarkable chemical similarity between Martian soil and the shergottites. 5.The passage implies which of the following about shergottites?

I.They are products of volcanic activity. II.They derive from a planet larger than Earth. III.They come from a planetary body with a chemical composition similar to that of Io. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only 6.According to the passage, a meteorite discovered on Earth is unlikely to have come from a large planet for which of the following reasons? (A) There are fewer large planets in the solar system than there are asteroids. (B) Most large planets have been volcanically inactive for more than a billion years. (C) The gravitational pull of a large planet would probably prohibit fragments from escaping its orbit. (D) There are no chondrites occurring naturally on Earth and probably none on other large planets. 7.The passage suggests that the age of shergottites is probably (A) still entirely undetermined (B) less than that of most other achondrites (C) about 3.5 billion years (D) the same as that of typical achondrites 8.According to the passage, the presence of chondrules in a meteorite indicates that the meteorite (A) has probably come from Mars (B) is older than the solar system itself

(C) has not been melted since the solar system formed (D) is certainly less than 4 billion years old 9.The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions? (A) What is the precise age of the solar system? (B) How did shergottites get their name? (C) What are the chemical properties shared by shergottites and Martian soils? (D) What is a major feature of the Martian surface? 10.It can be inferred from the passage that each of the following is a consideration in determining whether a particular planet is a possible source of shergottites that have been discovered on Earth EXCEPT the (A) planet's size (B) planet's distance from Earth (C) strength of the planet's field of gravity (D) proximity of the planet to its moons 11.It can be inferred from the passage that most mete-orites found on Earth contain which of the following? (A) Crystals (B) Chondrules (C) Metals (D) Sodium Passage 3 The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from

that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these “normal” rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver's relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient's donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant. 12.The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways？ (A) Explicate their main features (B) Suggest an alternative to them (C) Examine their virtues and limitations (D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them 13.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an important difference among strains of rats is the (A) size of their livers (B) constitution of their skin (C) strength of their immune-response reactions (D) sensitivity of their antigens 14.According to the hypothesis of the author, after a successful liver transplant, the reason that rats do not reject further transplants of other organs from the same donor is that the (A) transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipient become matched (B) lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the transplanted liver (C) subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by the recipient's immune-response reaction

(D) transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the recipient's immune-response reaction 15.Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normally reject liver transplants if true, would support the authors' hypothesis？ I.Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases. II.Increasing the strength of the recipient's immune-response reaction can induce liver-transplant rejection. III.Organs from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection after liver transplantation. IV.Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants. (A) II only (B) I and III only (C) II and IV only (D) I, II, and III only Passage 4 Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948) . Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera's possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot. Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These

included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space. Besides developing the cinema's language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith's introduction of the American-made multireel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historic philosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour's running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema. 16.The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema (B) describe the impact on cinema of the flashback and other editing innovations (C) deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith (D) analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the multireel film 17.The author suggests that Griffith's film innovations had a direct effect on all of the following EXCEPT (A) film editing (B) camera work (C) scene composing (D) sound editing 18. It can be inferred from the passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a film was (A) 15 minutes or less (B) between 15 and 30 minutes

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2005年福建厦门大学英语语言文学考研真题.doc

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