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H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia Iain E. G. Richardson The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK

Copyright C 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Ofﬁces John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84837-5 Typeset in 10/12pt Times roman by TechBooks, New Delhi, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

To Phyllis

Contents About the Author Foreword Preface Glossary 1 Introduction 1.1 The Scene 1.2 Video Compression 1.3 MPEG-4 and H.264 1.4 This Book 1.5 References 2 Video Formats and Quality 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Natural Video Scenes 2.3 Capture 2.3.1 Spatial Sampling 2.3.2 Temporal Sampling 2.3.3 Frames and Fields 2.4 Colour Spaces 2.4.1 RGB 2.4.2 YCbCr 2.4.3 YCbCr Sampling Formats 2.5 Video Formats 2.6 Quality 2.6.1 Subjective Quality Measurement 2.6.2 Objective Quality Measurement 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 References xiii xv xix xxi 1 1 3 5 6 7 9 9 9 10 11 11 13 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 24 24

•viii 3 Video Coding Concepts 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Video CODEC 3.3 Temporal Model 3.3.1 Prediction from the Previous Video Frame 3.3.2 Changes due to Motion 3.3.3 Block-based Motion Estimation and Compensation 3.3.4 Motion Compensated Prediction of a Macroblock 3.3.5 Motion Compensation Block Size 3.3.6 Sub-pixel Motion Compensation 3.3.7 Region-based Motion Compensation 3.4 Image model 3.4.1 Predictive Image Coding 3.4.2 Transform Coding 3.4.3 Quantisation 3.4.4 Reordering and Zero Encoding 3.5 Entropy Coder 3.5.1 Predictive Coding 3.5.2 Variable-length Coding 3.5.3 Arithmetic Coding 3.6 The Hybrid DPCM/DCT Video CODEC Model 3.7 Conclusions 3.8 References 4 The MPEG-4 and H.264 Standards 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Developing the Standards 4.2.1 ISO MPEG 4.2.2 ITU-T VCEG 4.2.3 JVT 4.2.4 Development History 4.2.5 Deciding the Content of the Standards 4.3 Using the Standards 4.3.1 What the Standards Cover 4.3.2 Decoding the Standards 4.3.3 Conforming to the Standards 4.4 Overview of MPEG-4 Visual/Part 2 4.5 Overview of H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 4.6 Comparison of MPEG-4 Visual and H.264 4.7 Related Standards 4.7.1 JPEG and JPEG2000 4.7.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 4.7.3 H.261 and H.263 4.7.4 Other Parts of MPEG-4 4.8 Conclusions 4.9 References CONTENTS 27 27 28 30 30 30 32 33 34 37 41 42 44 45 51 56 61 61 62 69 72 82 83 85 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 95 96 97 97 98

CONTENTS 5 MPEG-4 Visual 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview of MPEG-4 Visual (Natural Video Coding) 5.2.1 Features 5.2.2 Tools, Objects, Proﬁles and Levels 5.2.3 Video Objects 5.3 Coding Rectangular Frames 5.3.1 Input and Output Video Format 5.3.2 The Simple Proﬁle 5.3.3 The Advanced Simple Proﬁle 5.3.4 The Advanced Real Time Simple Proﬁle 5.4 Coding Arbitrary-shaped Regions 5.4.1 The Core Proﬁle 5.4.2 The Main Proﬁle 5.4.3 The Advanced Coding Efﬁciency Proﬁle 5.4.4 The N-bit Proﬁle 5.5 Scalable Video Coding 5.5.1 Spatial Scalability 5.5.2 Temporal Scalability 5.5.3 Fine Granular Scalability 5.5.4 The Simple Scalable Proﬁle 5.5.5 The Core Scalable Proﬁle 5.5.6 The Fine Granular Scalability Proﬁle 5.6 Texture Coding 5.6.1 The Scalable Texture Proﬁle 5.6.2 The Advanced Scalable Texture Proﬁle 5.7 Coding Studio-quality Video 5.7.1 The Simple Studio Proﬁle 5.7.2 The Core Studio Proﬁle 5.8 Coding Synthetic Visual Scenes 5.8.1 Animated 2D and 3D Mesh Coding 5.8.2 Face and Body Animation 5.9 Conclusions 5.10 References 6 H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Terminology 6.2 The H.264 CODEC 6.3 H.264 structure 6.3.1 Proﬁles and Levels 6.3.2 Video Format 6.3.3 Coded Data Format 6.3.4 Reference Pictures 6.3.5 Slices 6.3.6 Macroblocks •ix 99 99 100 100 100 103 104 106 106 115 121 122 124 133 138 141 142 142 144 145 148 148 149 149 152 152 153 153 155 155 155 156 156 156 159 159 159 160 162 162 162 163 163 164 164

•x 6.4 The Baseline Proﬁle Inter Prediction Intra Prediction 6.4.1 Overview 6.4.2 Reference Picture Management 6.4.3 Slices 6.4.4 Macroblock Prediction 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.4.7 Deblocking Filter 6.4.8 Transform and Quantisation 4 × 4 Luma DC Coefﬁcient Transform and Quantisation 6.4.9 (16 × 16 Intra-mode Only) 6.4.10 2 × 2 Chroma DC Coefﬁcient Transform and Quantisation 6.4.11 The Complete Transform, Quantisation, Rescaling and Inverse Transform Process 6.4.12 Reordering 6.4.13 Entropy Coding 6.5 The Main Proﬁle 6.5.1 B Slices 6.5.2 Weighted Prediction 6.5.3 Interlaced Video 6.5.4 Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) 6.6 The Extended Proﬁle 6.6.1 SP and SI slices 6.6.2 Data Partitioned Slices 6.7 Transport of H.264 6.8 Conclusions 6.9 References 7 Design and Performance 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Functional Design 7.2.1 Segmentation 7.2.2 Motion Estimation 7.2.3 DCT/IDCT 7.2.4 Wavelet Transform 7.2.5 Quantise/Rescale 7.2.6 Entropy Coding 7.3 Input and Output 7.3.1 Interfacing 7.3.2 Pre-processing 7.3.3 Post-processing 7.4 Performance 7.4.1 Criteria 7.4.2 Subjective Performance 7.4.3 Rate–distortion Performance CONTENTS 165 165 166 167 169 170 177 184 187 194 195 196 198 198 207 207 211 212 212 216 216 220 220 222 222 225 225 225 226 226 234 238 238 238 241 241 242 243 246 246 247 251

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