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InVEST2.2说明书.pdf
I Front-matter
The Need for a New Tool
Introduction
Who should use InVEST?
Introduction to InVEST
A work in progress
This guide
Getting Started
Getting started with InVEST
Installing the InVEST tool and data on your computer
Downloading and installing Python library extensions
Adding the InVEST toolbox to ArcMap
Using sample data
Formatting your data
Running the models
Support information
Model run checklist
Reporting errors
Working with the DEM
Resources
II Marine Models
Wave Energy Model
Summary
Introduction
The model
Data needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
Case example illustrating results
Appendix A
References
Coastal Vulnerability Model
Summary
Introduction
The model
Limitations and Simplifications
Data needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
Coastal Protection Model
Summary
Introduction
The model
Limitations and Simplifications
Data Needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
References
Appendix A
Marine Fish Aquaculture
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Limitations and simplifications
Data needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
References
Aesthetic Quality
Summary
Introduction
The model
Limitations and simplifications
Data needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
Case example illustrating results
References
Overlap Analysis Model: Fisheries and Recreation (Tier 0)
Summary
Introduction
The model
Limitations and simplifications
Data needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
Case examples illustrating results
Appendix A
References
Habitat Risk Assessment
Summary
Introduction
The model
Data needs
Running the model
Interpreting results
References
III Terrestrial and Freshwater Models
Biodiversity: Habitat Quality & Rarity
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Running the Model
References
Carbon Storage and Sequestration
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Running the Model
Appendix: data sources
References
Reservoir Hydropower Production
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Appendix A: Data Sources
Appendix B: Calibration of Water Yield Model
References
Water Purification: Nutrient Retention
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Running the Model
Appendix: Data Sources
References
Sediment Retention Model: Avoided dredging and water quality regulation
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Appendix: data sources
References
Managed Timber Production Model
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Running the Model
References
Crop Pollination
Summary
Introduction
The Model
Running the Model
Appendix: Data sources
References
Data Requirements and Outputs Summary Table
IV Acknowledgements
Marine Models
Acknowledgements
V Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions
VI Roadmap
Marine Models
What's coming up for Marine InVEST models?
Editors: Heather Tallis, Taylor Ricketts, Anne Guerry, Spencer Wood, and Richard Sharp.
Contributing Authors: Erik Nelson, Driss Ennaanay, Stacie Wolny, Nasser Olwero, Kari Vigerstol, Derric Penning-
ton, Guillermo Mendoza, Juliann Aukema, John Foster, Jessica Forrest, Dick Cameron, Katie Arkema, Eric Lonsdorf,
Christina Kennedy, Gregory Verutes, Chong-Ki Kim, Gregory Guannel, Michael Papenfus, Jodie Toft, Matthew Mar-
sik, and Joey Bernhardt.
Citation: Tallis, H.T., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A.D., Wood, S.A., Sharp, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S.,
Olwero, N., Vigerstol, K., Pennington, D., Mendoza, G., Aukema, J., Foster, J., Forrest, J., Cameron, D., Arkema, K.,
Lonsdorf, E., Kennedy, C., Verutes, G., Kim, C.K., Guannel, G., Papenfus, M., Toft, J., Marsik, M., and Bernhardt, J.
2011. InVEST 2.2.0 User’s Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford.
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CONTENTS
I Front-matter
1 The Need for a New Tool
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Introduction .
1.1
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1.2 Who should use InVEST? .
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1.3
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1.4 A work in progress .
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Introduction to InVEST .
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2 Getting Started
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2.1 Getting started with InVEST .
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Installing the InVEST tool and data on your computer
2.2
2.3 Downloading and installing Python library extensions
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2.4 Adding the InVEST toolbox to ArcMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.9 Model run checklist
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2.10 Reporting errors
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2.11 Working with the DEM .
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Formatting your data .
Running the models
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Support information .
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II Marine Models
3 Wave Energy Model
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Introduction .
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The model
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Running the model .
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Interpreting results .
Case example illustrating results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 Coastal Vulnerability Model
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Introduction .
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5 Coastal Protection Model
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Summary .
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Introduction .
The model
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Running the model .
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6 Marine Fish Aquaculture
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Summary .
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The Model
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7 Aesthetic Quality
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Summary .
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Running the model .
Interpreting results .
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Case example illustrating results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
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8 Overlap Analysis Model: Fisheries and Recreation (Tier 0)
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Summary .
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III Terrestrial and Freshwater Models
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10 Biodiversity: Habitat Quality & Rarity
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11 Carbon Storage and Sequestration
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12.4 Appendix A: Data Sources .
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12.5 Appendix B: Calibration of Water Yield Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
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12.6 References .
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13 Water Purification: Nutrient Retention
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14 Sediment Retention Model: Avoided dredging and water quality regulation
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15 Managed Timber Production Model
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iv
16 Crop Pollination
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17 Data Requirements and Outputs Summary Table
IV Acknowledgements
301
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18 Marine Models
18.1 Acknowledgements
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V Frequently Asked Questions
19 Frequently Asked Questions
VI Roadmap
20 Marine Models
20.1 What’s coming up for Marine InVEST models? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
307
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v
Part I
Front-matter
1
CHAPTER
ONE
THE NEED FOR A NEW TOOL
1.1 Introduction
Ecosystems, if properly managed, yield a flow of services that are vital to humanity, including the production of goods
(e.g., food), life support processes (e.g., water purification), and life fulfilling conditions (e.g., beauty, recreation
opportunities), and the conservation of options (e.g., genetic diversity for future use). Despite its importance, this
natural capital is poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and—in many cases—undergoing rapid degradation and
depletion. To better align ecosystem conservation with economic forces, the Natural Capital Project is developing
models that quantify and map the values of environmental services. The modeling suite is best suited for analyses of
multiple services and multiple objectives. The current models, which require relatively little data input, can identify
areas where investment may enhance human well-being and nature. We are continuing development of the models and
will release new, updated versions as they become available.
1.2 Who should use InVEST?
InVEST is designed to inform decisions about natural resource management. Decision-makers, from governments to
non-profits to corporations, often manage lands and waters for multiple uses and inevitably must evaluate trade-offs
among these uses; InVEST’s multi-service, modular design provides an effective tool for evaluating these trade-offs.
For example, government agencies could use InVEST to help determine how to manage lands, coasts, and marine
areas to provide an optimal mix of benefits to people or to help design permitting and mitigation programs that sustain
nature’s benefits to society. Conservation organizations could use InVEST to better align their missions to protect
biodiversity with activities that improve human livelihoods. Corporations, such as timber companies, renewable energy
companies, and water utilities, could also use InVEST to decide how and where to invest in natural capital to ensure
that their supply chains are preserved.
InVEST can help answer questions like:
• Where do environmental services originate and where are they consumed?
• How does a proposed forestry management plan affect timber yields, biodiversity, water quality and recreation?
• What kinds of coastal management and fishery policies will yield the best returns for sustainable fisheries,
shoreline protection and recreation?
• Which parts of a watershed provide the greatest carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and tourism values?
• Where would reforestation achieve the greatest downstream water quality benefits while maintaining or mini-
mizing losses in water flows?
• How will climate change and population growth impact environmental services and biodiversity?
2
InVEST User Guide, Release 2.2.0
• What benefits does marine spatial planning provide to society in addition to food from fishing and aquaculture
and secure locations for renewable energy facilities?
1.3 Introduction to InVEST
The InVEST toolset described in this guide includes models for quantifying, mapping, and valuing the benefits pro-
vided by terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems. Specifically it includes models for:
• Wave Energy
• Coastal Vulnerability
• Coastal Protection
• Marine Fish Aquaculture
• Marine Aesthetic Quality
• Marine Overlap Analysis Model: Fisheries and Recreation
• Marine Habitat Risk Assessment
• Terrestrial Biodiversity: Habitat Quality and Rarity
• Carbon Storage and Sequestration
• Reservoir Hydropower Production
• Water Purification: Nutrient Retention
• Sediment Retention Model: Avoided Dredgin and Water Quality Regulation
• Manage Timber Production
• Crop Pollination
To date, the marine and terrestrial/freshwater models are treated separately. The current version of InVEST presents
the models for the two systems in turn. In future releases, models for the two systems will be more integrated. This
will occur in two primary ways. First, some models will have improved flexibility to be applied in either terrestrial
or marine systems (e.g. carbon storage and sequestration, biodiversity, recreation, aesthetic views). (The terrestrial
biodiversity model can be applied, as is, to nearshore marine systems. Please see the marine habitat quality model
chapter for a discussion of differences between the approaches and why there are two). Second, we are working to link
freshwater and marine models so that effects of watershed activities on coastal and marine systems can be explored.
Such linkages will be included in later releases of InVEST.
InVEST is most effectively used within a decision-making process that starts with a series of stakeholder consultations
(illustrated in Figure 1). Through discussion, questions of interest to policy makers, communities and conservation
groups are identified. These questions may concern service delivery on a landscape today and how these services may
be affected by new programs, policies, and conditions in the future. For questions regarding the future, stakeholders
develop “scenarios” to explore the consequences of expected changes on natural resources. These scenarios typically
include a map of future land use and land cover or, for the marine models, a map of future coastal and ocean uses and
coastal/marine habitats.
Following stakeholder consultations and scenario development, InVEST can estimate the amount and value of envi-
ronmental services that are provided on the current landscape or under future scenarios. InVEST models are spatially-
explicit, using maps as information sources and producing maps as outputs. InVEST returns results in either biophys-
ical terms (e.g., tons of carbon sequestered) or economic terms (e.g., net present value of that sequestered carbon).
The spatial resolution of analyses is also flexible, allowing users to address questions at the local, regional or global
scale. InVEST results can be shared with the stakeholders and decision-makers who created the scenarios to inform
upcoming decisions. Using InVEST in an iterative process, these stakeholders may choose to create new scenarios
based on the information revealed by the models until suitable solutions for management action are identified.
1.3.
Introduction to InVEST
3
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