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Wireless Communications Over Rapidly Time-Varying Channels

Wireless Communications Over Rapidly Time-Varying Channels Edited by Franz Hlawatsch Gerald Matz AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2011 Copyright c 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent veriﬁcation of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-0-12-374483-8 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in USA 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface Wireless communications has become a ﬁeld of enormous scientiﬁc and economic interest. Recent success stories include 2G and 3G cellular voice and data services (e.g., GSM and UMTS), wireless local area networks (WiFi/IEEE 802.11x), wireless broadband access (WiMAX/IEEE 802.16x), and digital broadcast systems (DVB, DAB, DRM). On the physical layer side, traditional designs typically assume that the radio channel remains constant for the duration of a data block. However, researchers and system designers are increasingly shifting their attention to channels that may vary within a block. In addition to time dispersion caused by multipath propagation, these rapidly time-varying channels feature frequency dispersion resulting from the Doppler effect. They are, thus, often referred to as being “doubly dispersive.” Historically, channels with time variation and frequency dispersion were ﬁrst considered mostly in the context of ionospheric and tropospheric communications and in radio astronomy. The theoretical foundations of rapidly time-varying channels were established by Bello, Gallager, Kailath, Kennedy, and others in the sixties of the twentieth century. More recently, rapidly time-varying channels have become important in novel application scenarios with potentially high economic relevance and societal impact. . User mobility, a source of signiﬁcant Doppler frequency shifts, is an essential factor in today’s . In advanced wireless networks, nodes may cooperate to achieve spatial diversity gains in a dis- cellular and broadband access systems. An extreme example is given by radio access links for high-speed trains. Channels with rapid time variation are also encountered in car-to-car and car-to- infrastructure communications, which are becoming increasingly important. tributed manner. An example is the base station cooperation option (also known as network MIMO or cooperative multipoint transmission) in 3GPP Long Term Evolution. In such systems, the car- rier frequency offsets of different nodes accumulate and, together with mobility-induced Doppler frequency shifts, result in channels with rapid time variation. . In underwater acoustic communications, the relative Doppler shifts are potentially much larger than in terrestrial radio systems because the speed of sound is much smaller than the speed of light. Furthermore, the smaller propagation speed of acoustic waves results in larger propagation delays. Underwater channels are, therefore, instances of particularly harsh doubly dispersive channels. Rapid channel variations induced by Doppler shifts provide an extra dimension that offers addi- tional gains. At the same time, doubly dispersive channels pose tough design challenges and necessitate the use of sophisticated methods to combat the detrimental effects of the channel and to realize the additional gains. Thus, understanding the fundamental properties of doubly dispersive channels and the resulting design paradigms will become essential know-how in the future wireless arena. This book explains the system-theoretic and information-theoretic foundations of doubly disper- sive channels and describes the current state of the art in algorithm and system design. It is intended to present a comprehensive and coherent discussion of the challenges and developments in the ﬁeld, which will help researchers and engineers understand and develop future wireless communication technologies. Contributed by leading experts, the individual chapters of this book address the most important aspects of the theory and methodology of wireless communications over rapidly time- varying channels. Wireless transceiver design and modern techniques such as iterative turbo-style xiii

xiv Preface detection, multicarrier (OFDM) modulation, and multiantenna (MIMO) processing are given special attention. In the introductory chapter, Chapter 1, we discuss the properties and mathematical charac- terization of doubly dispersive channels. Further topics addressed include propagation effects, system-theoretic aspects, stochastic channel characterizations, parsimonious channel models, and measurement principles. Chapter 2, by G. Durisi, V. Morgenshtern, H. B¨olcskei, U. Schuster, and S. Shamai, discusses information-theoretic aspects of random time-varying channels, including MIMO channels. This chap- ter focuses on noncoherent channel capacity (i.e., channel capacity in the absence of channel state information) in the large-bandwidth and high-SNR regimes. Chapter 3, by E. Viterbo and Y. Hong, addresses the design of channel codes for fast-fading chan- nels, using methods from algebraic number theory and lattice theory. The sphere decoder is discussed as an efﬁcient means to recover the transmitted code words. Chapter 4, by G. Leus, Z. Tang, and P. Banelli, considers the estimation of rapidly time-varying channels in single-carrier and multicarrier communication systems. A block-based approach is adopted that builds on a basis expansion model for the channel and the transmission of dedicated pilot (training) symbols. Chapter 5, by M. Dong, B. M. Sadler, and L. Tong, complements Chapter 4 by discussing train- ing designs for the estimation of time-varying channels. The optimization of the number, placement, and power of pilot symbols is studied for various system conﬁgurations (single carrier, multicarrier, multiantenna) and performance criteria. Chapter 6, by P. Schniter, S.-J. Hwang, S. Das, and A. P. Kannu, presents equalization techniques for doubly dispersive channels. Both coherent and noncoherent detection are addressed, using linear and tree-search methods, iterative approaches, and joint detection-estimation schemes. Chapter 7, by L. Rugini, P. Banelli, and G. Leus, is dedicated to orthogonal frequency division multi- plex (OFDM) transmissions over time-varying channels. This chapter discusses methods for equalizing intercarrier interference and for channel estimation and comments on the relevance of these methods to existing standards. Chapter 8, by C. Dumard, J. Jald´en, and T. Zemen, considers a multiuser system employing multiple antennas and a multicarrier CDMA transmission format. An iterative (turbo) receiver is developed, which performs estimation of the time-varying channels, multiuser separation, and channel decoding, with complexity reductions due to Krylov subspace and sphere decoding techniques. The ﬁnal chapter, Chapter 9, by A. Papandreou-Suppappola, C. Ioana, and J. J. Zhang, discusses wideband channels that are more suitably characterized in terms of Doppler scaling than in terms of Doppler shifts. Theoretical considerations and advanced receiver designs are exempliﬁed by an underwater acoustic communication system. We would like to thank all people who contributed to this book in one way or another. We are espe- cially grateful to the chapter authors for their expertise and hard work, and for accepting the constraints of a predeﬁned, common notation. We thank Tim Pitts of Elsevier for inviting us to edit this book. Tim and his colleagues—Melanie Benson, Susan Li, Melissa Read, and Naomi Robertson—provided much appreciated assistance during the various stages of this project. Finally, we acknowledge support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under Grants S10603 (Statistical Inference) and S10606 (Information Networks) within the National Research Network SISE. Franz Hlawatsch Gerald Matz

About the Editors Franz Hlawatsch received the Dipl.-Ing., Dr. techn., and Univ.-Dozent (habilitation) degrees in elec- trical engineering/signal processing from Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 1983, 1988, and 1996, respectively. Since 1983, he has been with the Institute of Telecommunications, Vienna University of Technology, as an associate professor. During 1991–1992, as a recipient of an Erwin Schr¨odinger Fellowship, he spent a sabbatical year with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA. In 1999, 2000, and 2001, he held one-month visiting professor positions with INP–ENSEEIHT/T´eSA (Toulouse, France) and IRCCyN (Nantes, France). He (co)authored a book, a review paper that appeared in the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, about 180 refereed or invited scientiﬁc papers and book chapters, and three patents. He coedited three books. His research interests include signal processing for wireless communications, statistical signal processing, and compressive signal processing. Prof. Hlawatsch was a Technical Program Co-Chair of EUSIPCO 2004 and has served on the technical committees of numerous international conferences. From 2003 to 2007, he served as an associate editor for the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. He is currently serving as an associate editor for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. From 2004 to 2009, he was a member of the IEEE Signal Processing for Communications Technical Committee. He is coauthor of a paper that won an IEEE Signal Processing Society Young Author Best Paper Award. Gerald Matz received the Dipl.-Ing. and Dr. techn. degrees in electrical engineering in 1994 and 2000, respectively, and the Habilitation degree for communication systems in 2004, all from Vienna University of Technology,Vienna, Austria. Since 1995, he has been with the Institute of Telecommu- nications, Vienna University of Technology, where he currently holds a tenured position as associate professor. From March 2004 to February 2005, he was on leave as an Erwin Schr¨odinger Fellow with the Laboratoire des Signaux et Syst`emes, Ecole Sup´erieure d’Electricit´e, France. During summer 2007, he was a guest researcher with the Communication Theory Lab at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. He has directed or actively participated in several research projects funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF), and the European Union. He has published more than 140 papers in international journals, conference proceedings, and edited books. His research interests include wireless communications, statistical signal processing, and information theory. Prof. Matz serves as a member of the IEEE Signal Processing Society (SPS) Technical Committee on Signal Processing for Communications and Networking and of the IEEE SPS Technical Committee on Sig- nal Processing Theory and Methods. He was an associate editor for the IEEE Transactions of Signal Processing (2006–2010), for the IEEE Signal Processing Letters (2004–2008), and for the EURASIP journal Signal Processing (2007–2010). He was a Technical Program Co-Chair of EUSIPCO 2004 and has been on the Technical Program Committee of numerous international conferences. In 2006, he received the Kardinal Innitzer Most Promising Young Investigator Award. xv

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