2014年上海华东政法大学考博英语真题.doc

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2014 年上海华东政法大学考博英语真题 PartI:Grammar&Vocabulary(15%) 第一部分基础英语 Directions:ChoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentenceandthenmarkyouranswersonyourANSWERS HEET1. 1.Thegovernorwas___bythepublicformisusinghispowerforpersonalinterests. [A]sneaked [B]praised [C]flailed [D]rebuked 2.He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice. [A]glanced [B]glimpsed [C]glared [D]scribbled 3.Arecentpollshowsthat,while81percentofcollegestudentsareeligibleforsomeformoffinancialaid,only6 3percentofthesestudentsare__________suchaid. [A]complainingabout [C]dissatisfiedwith 4.The____landlordrefusedtoreturnthesecuritydeposit,claimingfalselythatthetenanthaddamagedtheapar [D]turneddownfor [B]recipientsof tment. [A]unscrupulous [B]resplendent 5.MobyDick,nowregardedasagreatworkofAmericanliterature,wasvirtually____whenitwasfirstpublished,a [D]deceased [C]divine nditwasnotuntilmanyyearslaterthatMelville’sachievementswere____. [A]renowned...relegated [B]notorious [D]ignored...recognized ...justified [B]conceive [C]hailed...understood 6.Herefusedto_____thathewasdefeated. [A]burlesque 7.Thepeoplestood______atthebeautifulpicture. [A]glaring 8.Thejudgeiscommittedtomaintaininga_____ofimpartiality. [A]stance 9.Dellquitdealinginsouped-upversionsofothercompanies [C]acknowledge [C]pretense [C]peeping [B]gazing [B]motto [D]probe [D]gasping [D]commotion ’ products,andstarteddesigning,_______andmarketinghisown. [A]fashioning 10.Thislaw______thenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygetoffthebus. [B]assembling [D]slashing [C]pruning [A]intendsreducing [C]isintendedtoreduce [B]intendstobereduced [D]isintendedreducing 11.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_____inEuropefortwoweeks. [A]shallstay [B]havestayed [C]willhavestayed [D]havebeenstaying 12.Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge_____ourthinking. [A]whichtobebasedon [C]uponwhichtobase [B]whichtobaseupon [D]towhichtobebased 13.Thelittlemanwas_____onemeterfiftyhigh. [A]almostmorethan [C]nearlymorethan [B]hardlymorethan [D]asmuchas 14.Theyoungapplicantisundergreat___atthethoughtofup-comingjobinterview. [A]comprehension [C]miscomprehension [B]apprehension [D]concern

15.ThesuccessfullaunchoftheSpecialOlympicGameshasdemonstratedthat___Shanghaiiswellonitswaytobeco meoneofthemostinternalizedmetropolisesworldwide. [C]deceivably [A]imperceptibly [B]conceivably [D]imaginatively 16.Iwouldrather______troubleandhardshiplikethatthan____byothers. [A]had….takecareof [C]had…takencareof [B]have…takencareof [D]have…betakencareof 17.Onedifficulty_______thecomponentsofeconomicmovementsliesinthefactthatthosecomponentsarenotcom pletelyindependentofoneanother. [A]ofisolation [B]inisolating [C]willisolate [D]toisolate 18.Interestonshort-termgovernmentdebtsoaredtoanalmostunimaginable210%,which_____atotalcollapseof investorconfidence. [A]amountsto [B]equalsto [C]isaddedupto [D]reachesto 19.Itsageneralpracticeforsmallfactoriesto_____moreworkersduringtimesofprosperity,andlayoffsomewh enrecessionhits. [A]takein [B]takeover [C]takeon [D]takeup 20.To______freedomagainsttyranny,ourfatherslaiddowntheserules. [A]ensure [B]guarantee [C]assure [D]fulfill 21.Merdineisherownwoman,withanidentityfromhermother's. [A]discrete[B]distinctive[C]distinct[D]discreet 22.Shegavehimbackthemoneyshe'dstolenforthesakeofher. [A]conscientious[B]consciousness [C]conscious[D]conscience 23.TheyhadtheattempttoAndersontothepresidency. [A]evolve[B]elevate[C]evoke[D]evince 24.I’mafraidourfoodstockwillbe___beforelong. [A]putup [B]stayedup [C]savedup [D]usedup 25.Mr.Morrisonhasagreat___foranythingthatisorientalandexotic [A]vision [B]emotion [C]contribution [D]passion 26.Thesubwaysandbusestendtobe___duringtherushhours. [A]overcrowded [B]overwhelmed [C]overshadowed [D]overgrown 27.Every___hasbeentakentoevacuatethestrandedsailorsfromHurricaneBetty. [D]leisure [A]pleasure [B]measure [C]pressure 28.Weweregreatlysurprisedbythewaythingsweredonehere. [A]what [C]as [B]inwhich [D]which 29.I__________tocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso. [A]meant [B]hasmeant [C]wasmeaning [D]hadmeant 30.Whenitcomes__________hiswifewiththehousework,Johnnevergrumbles. [A]tohelp [B]andhelps [C]tohelping [D]tohavehelped PartII:ReadingComprehension(20%). Direction:Thereare2readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsta tements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Youshoulddecideonthebestchoicea ndmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter. PassageOne Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage. TheFoodandDrugAdministrationsaidonWednesdaythatitistryingtotrackdownasmanyas386pigletsthatmayhav

ebeengeneticallyengineeredandwrongfullysoldintotheU.S.foodsupply. ThefocusoftheFDAinvestigationisonpigsraisedbyresearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisinUrbanaChampai gn.Theyengineeredtheanimalswithtwogenes:oneisacowgenethatincreasesmilkproductioninthesow;theothe r,asyntheticgene,makesthemilkeasierforpigletstodigest.Thegoalwastoraisebiggerpigsfaster. Therehasbeennoevidencethateithergeneticallyalteredplantsoranimalsactuallytriggerhumanillness,but criticswarnthatpotentialsideeffectsremainunknown.Universityofficialssaytheirtestsshowedthepiglet swerenotbornwiththealteredgenes,butFDArulesrequireeventheoffspringofgeneticallyengineeredanimals tobedestroyedsotheywon’tgetintothefoodsupply. TheFDA,inaquicklyarrangednewsconferenceonWednesdaypromptedbyinquiriesbyUSATODAY,saidtheUniversit yofIllinoiswouldfacepossiblesanctionsandfinesforsellingthepigletstoalivestockbroker,whointurnsol dthemtoprocessingplants. BoththeFDAandtheuniversitysaythepigsthatenteredthemarketdonotposearisktoconsumers.Buttheinvestig ationfollowsactionbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureinDecembertofineaTexascompanythatcontaminated5 00,000bushelsofsoybeanswithcornthathadbeengeneticallyalteredtoproduceavaccineforpigs. )areaofscientificresearch. Criticsseesuchcasesasevidenceoftheneedformoregovernmentoversightofaburgeoning( 的 sincidentslikethisthatcoulddestroyconsumerconfidenceandexportconfidence, saysStephanieChildsoftheGroceryManufacturersofAmerica. “WealreadyhaveEuropeshakyonbiotech.Thecountriestowhichweexportaregoingtolookatthis.” 新 “ Thisisasmallincident,butit 兴 ’ ” TheUniversityofIllinoissaysittestedtheDNAofeverypigleteighttimestomakesurethattheanimalhadn ’ tinheritedthegeneticengineeringofitsmother.Thosepigletsthatdidwereputbackintothestudy.Thosethatd idn tweresoldtothepigbroker. “ ” saysCharlesZukoski,vicechancellorforresearch. Anypigthatwastestednegativeforthegenessince1999hasbeensentofftomarket, ’ ButFDAdeputycommissionerLesterCrawfordsaysthatunderthetermsoftheuniversity sagreementwiththeFDA,theresearcherswereforbiddentoremovethepigletswithoutFDAapproval. “ TheUniversityofIllinoisfailedtocheckwithFDAtoseewhetherornottheanimalscouldbesoldontheopenmark et.Andtheywerenottobeusedunderanycircumstanceforfood.” ’ TheFDAisresponsibleforregulatingandoverseeingtransgenicanimalsbecausesuchgeneticmanipulationisco nsideredanunapprovedanimaldrug. 31.The386pigletswrongfullysoldintofoodsupplyarefrom________. [A]Europe [B]anAmericanresearchorganization [C]ameatprocessingplant [D]ananimalfarm 32.Thepurposeofthetransgenicengineeringresearchisto________. [A]getpigsoflargersizeinashortertime [B]makesowsproducemoremilk [C]makecowsproducemoremilk [D]makepigsgrowmoreleanmeat 33.The4thparagraphshowsthattheUniversityofIllinois________. [A]wascriticizedbytheFDA [B]isingreattrouble

[C]isrequiredbytheFDAtocallbackthesoldpiglets [D]mayhavetopaythepenalty 34.TheFDAdeclaresthatthewrongfullysoldpiglets________. [A]mayhavesideeffectsonconsumers [B]maybeharmfultoconsumers [C]aresafetoconsumers [D]maycausehumanillness 35.Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat________. [A]alltheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering [B]partoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering [C]noneoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering [D]halfoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering PassageTwo Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage. “ “ becausewedon ’ PublicHealthEnemyNo.1 ThreeYaleUniversityprofessorsagreedinapaneldiscussiontonightthattheautomobilewaswhatoneofthemcal led ” Besidespollutingtheairandcongestingthecities,carsareinvolvedinmorethanhalfthedisablingaccidents, andtheycauseheartdisease ” saidDr.H.RichardWeinerman,professorofmedicineandpublichealth.Dr.Weinerman ’ ssharpcriticismofautomobilecameinadiscussionofhumanenvironmentonYaleReports,aradioprogrambroadca stbyStationWTICinHartford,Connecticut.Theprogramopenedathree-partserieson “ StayingAlive. ” “ ’ ssurvivalhastodowithhiscontrolofman-madedangers, Dr.Weinermansaid. “Beforethis,theproblemhadbeenthecontrolofnaturaldangers.” Forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,theproblemofman twalkanywhereanymore, inthiscountry. ” Relatingmanyofthesedangersoftheautomobile,ArthurW.Galston,aprofessorofbiology,saiditwaspossiblet omakeakerosene-burningcarthatwould ” ButheexpresseddoubtthatAmericanswerewillingtogiveupmovingaboutthecountrysideat90milesanhourinala rgevehicle. “ Americaseemsweddedtothemotorcar-everyfamilyhastohaveatleasttwo,andonehastobeaconvertiblewith30 0horsepower, ProfessorGalstoncontinued. “Isthisthewayoflifethatwechoosebecausewecherishthesevalues?” lessensmogbyaverylargefactor. ” “ asocietythatregardsprofitasasupremevalue,underthefalseideathatanythingthat ForPaulB.Sears,professorofconservation,partoftheblamelieswith “ ’ stechnicallypossibleis,therefore,ethicallyjustified. ” ProfessorSearsalsocalledthecountry ’ sdependenceonitsmodernautomobile “ lousyeconomics ” becauseofthelargehorsepowerusedsimply “ ” ButheagreedthatAmericanshavepaintedthemselvesintoacornerbyallowingthenationaleconomytobecomesore liantontheautomobileindustry. movingonepersontowork. AccordingtoDr.Weinerman,automobiles,notthefactories,areresponsiblefortwo-thirdsofthesmoginAmeric ancities,andthesmogpresentsthepossibilityofawholenewkindofepidemic,notduetoonegerm,butduetopollu tedenvironment. ’ spossibletohaveanepidemicoflungcancerinacitylikeLosAngeles.Thisisanewphenomenoninhealthconcern,” hesaid. Withinanotherfivetotenyears,it “ Thesolution,hecontinued,is “ nottofindalessdangerousfuel,butadifferentsystemofinner-citytransportation.Becauseoftheincreasi ’ nguseofcars,publictransportationhasbeenallowedtowitheranddegenerate,sothatifyoucan

twalktowhereyouwanttogo,youhavetohaveacarinmostcities, heasserted.This,inturn,Dr.Weinermancontended,isresponsibleforthe ofpublicroads,fortheblightoftheinnercityandforthemiddle-classmovementtothesuburbs. “ arteriosclerosis ” ” 36.Themainideaofthisarticleisthat_______. [A]Americansaretooattachedtotheircars. [B]Americancarsruntoofastandconsumetoomuchfuel. [C]theautomobileindustryhascausedallthistohappen. [D]automobilesendangerboththeenvironmentandpeople. 37.Inparagraph2,ProfessorGalstonimpliesthat_______. [A]peoplearemoreinterestedinfastautomobilesthanintheirhealth. [B]kerosene-burningcarswouldpollutetheenvironmentmoreseriouslythan gasoline-burningenginesdo. [C]Americansfeelmorecloselyconnectedtotheircarsthantotheenvironment. [D]itisnotrightforeveryfamilytohaveatleasttwocars. 38.Inparagraph3,ProfessorSearsimpliesthat_______. [A]technologyisalwaysgoodforpeople. [B]technologyisnotalwaysgoodforpeople. [C]financialprofitismoreimportantthantechnologicaladvancement. [D]technologicaladvancementwillimprovefinancialprofit. 39.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that_______. [A]afuellessdangerousthangasolinemustbefound. [B]peopleshouldgetridoftheircarsandtakethebustowork. [C]publictransportationshouldbeimprovedsothatpeoplecanbecomelessdependentupontheircarsforinner-c itytransportation. [D]theonlysolutiontothisproblemistobuildmorehighwaysandmoresubways. 40.Dr.Weinermanwouldprobablyagreethat_______,ifpublictransportationwereimproved. [A]theinnercitymightimprove [B]themiddleclasswouldmovetothesuburbs [C]publicroadswouldgetworse [D]therewouldstillbeanurgentneedtobuildmorehighways PartIII:EnglishWriting(15%) DIRECTIONS:Forthispart,youaregoingtowriteashortessayonthetitle.Youshouldwriteabout250wordsandwri teyouressayontheANSWERSHEET2. Title: Howtohandlepsychologicalpressureintoday’scompetitivelife NOTES:Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinst ructionmayresultinalossofmarks. 第二部分专业英语试题 PartI.Readingcomprehension Therearealtogether12sections.Pleasechoosefromtheitemsgivenundereachquestionthebestoneasyouranswe r.2marksforeachquestionwithatotalof40marks. Note ： Youshouldanswerquestionsto5sectionsonly ， oneofwhichshouldbethesectioncorrespondingtothemajoryouareapplyingforandtheother4sectionscanbesel

ectedatyourwill.每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。 I. Jurisprudence — thePatriationReference Itispracticallyimpossibletoimagineconstitutionallawwithoutdissent.TheveryfirstopinionintheCh — arterera wasmarkedbyit.Dissentispowerfulandevocative,evenmythic;itsuggestsroadsnottakenandparallelunivers es.Itevokesafundamentaland,sometimes,unsettlingcontingencyaboutlaw.Itcanbeproblematic,disrupting easyunderstandingsofhowtoacourt“getsitright”and,thus,damagingtoacourt’slegitimacy. Yet,dissenthaspositiveaspects,too.Itcan:betterarticulatenormsandunderstandingsunderlyingkeydecis ion-rules;provideacounternarrativetoprevailingorthodoxy;laythefoundationforfuturedevelopmentofla w;provideanecessaryoutletfordisagreementthatotherwisemightconstrainandfrustratejudicialactors;an devensecurebroaderacceptanceofamajoritydecisionbyshowingthatitisaproductofdeliberation. Inthispaper,Ipresentanotherpossible ” todissentthatfocusesontheissueinQuebec(AttorneyGeneral)v.A:equality.First,Icanvasstwowaysthatdis sentmanifestsinCharterjurisprudence:one(functional)relatingtothejudiciary ’ sappropriateroleinconstitutionaldisputes;andtheother(principled)relatingtotheidentification,scop eorapplicationofrulesandnorms.Thetwomodelsarerichlyrepresentedinequalityjurisprudence.IntheSupre meCourt ’ sfirstSection15case,Andrewsv.LawSocietyofBritishColumbia,theCourtdividedoverthefunctionalquestio nofhowcloselytheCourtshouldscrutinizelegislateddifference.Insubsequentcases,theCourthasstruggled toreachconsensusonthemeaningofequalityitself—anissueofprinciple. “ upside Thefactthatequalityjurisprudencehasbeencharacterizedbychronicdisagreementmightappearunfortunate. Butmyreviewofsection15caselawsuggeststhat,byprovidingthespacetofullyfleshoutpointsofdisagreement, dissenthascontributedtoricheraccountsofequality.BorrowingthelanguageofCassSunstein,Isuggestthata dividedequalitydecisionthatistheresultoffailuretoreachagreementon “ deep ” issuesispreferabletoonethat,asthepriceofunanimity,remains “shallow”.IconcludethatthedecisioninQuebec(AttorneyGeneral)v.Aisdeepratherthanshallowandso,desp iteitsfrustratingdivisions,itisonthewholebetterthanmanyoftheunanimousequalitydecisionsthatpreced edit. 41.TheauthorlistedthefollowingpositiveaspectsofdissentBUT() (a)Itprovidesacounternarrativetoprevailingorthodoxy. (b)Itcanlaythefoundationforfuturedevelopmentoflaw. (c)Itcanprovideanecessaryoutletfordisagreement. (d)Itcanbedamagingtoacourt’slegitimacy. 42.Fromthethirdparagraph,onecanknowthefollowingBUT() (a)Theauthordiscussesthecasesinwhichthefunctionofdissentsisobviousintwoways. (b)Thesubsequentcasesweredecidedbyconsensus. (c)Andrewsv.LawSocietyofBritishColumbiaisaconstitutionalcaserelatingtoSection15. (d)Andrewsv.LawSocietyofBritishColumbiawasnotdecidedunanimously. 43.Theauthorthinksthatadividedequalitydecisionispreferablebecause() (a)itcontributestoricheraccountsofequality. (b)itisdeep. (c)itisonthewholebetter.

(d)isfrustratinglydivided. 44.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicfortheseparagraphs?() (a)TheDissentinEqualityJurisprudence (b)TheUpsideofDissent (c)TheUpsideofDissentinEqualityJurisprudence (d)TheEqualityJurisprudence II. LegalHistory ThereisalargelyforgottenstorytobetoldofU.S.legalimperialisminChina,despiteChina slocationfaroutsideofAmerica ’ sterritorialborders.Thestory ’ ’ sprotagonistisaratherarcanesoundinglegaldoctrine,extraterritorialjurisdiction.Exclusiveterritori aljurisdictionisoneofthedefiningfeaturesofthesovereigntyofthemodernnation-state.Withlimitedexcep tions,itiswhereapersonisthatdetermineswhatlawappliestohimorher.However,whenastateassertsextrater ritorialjurisdiction,itclaimstherighttoapplyitslawsbeyondthebordersofitsterritory. Toanticipatethestory,theextraordinarytreatythatlaidthefoundationforAmericanextraterritorialitywa snegotiatedbyCalebCushing,thefirstAmericanministertoChinaaswellasaMassachusettscongressman,alawy er,andafutureattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStates.CushingwaschargedbyPresidentJohnTylerwiththepre-te xtualmissionofgoingtoPekingtoinquireaftertheemperor ’ shealthandtocarryoutthepresident ’ swishesforhislongevity.BackedbyhisownlittlearmadaaswellasthepresenceoftheU.S.navalforcesinthePac ific,CushingpersuadedtheQingEmpiretoenterintoaTreatyofPeace,Amity,andCommercewiththeUnitedStates. ThetreatywassignedonJuly3,1844,inthevillageofWanghiainMacao.Underitsterms,Chinawasobligatedtoall owAmericanstotradefreelyinCantonaswellasinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports.Moreover,Americansobtai nedtherightofextraterritorialjurisdictioninChina.From1844until1943,U.S.citizensinChinawereformal lysubjectonlytothelawsoftheUnitedStates.Stateddifferently,whenAmericansenteredChina,Americanlawt raveledwiththem,effectivelyattachingtotheirverybodies. Howdidtherelativelyrecentlyemancipatedworld ’ sleadinganti-colonialpowerreconcileitsextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinawithChiefJusticeMarshal l ’ sringingstatementin1812, “ Thejurisdictionofanationwithinitsterritoryisnecessarilyexclusiveandabsolute...beingaliketheatt ributeofeverysovereignandincapableofconferringextraterritorialpower”?Itturnsoutthattheforgottenc enturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinaisastorynotonlyaboutChinaandtheUnitedStatesbu talsoofinternationallaw.Thisessayisthusalsoastoryaboutlaw ’ soperationtransnationally,andacasestudyofhowlawdynamicallybothconstitutesanddeconstitutessoverei gnsatbothnationalandinternationallevels. 45.Whichoneofthefollowingisextraterritorialjurisdictionaccordingtotheauthor?() (a)CountryAimposesfinetoitsowncitizenwhoviolatestrafficrulesinCountryA. (b)CountryAimposesfinetoacitizenofCountryBwhoviolatestrafficrulesinCountryA. (c)CountryAchargescrimeresponsibilitytoacitizenofCountryAwhocommitsacrimeinCountryB. (d)CountryBchargescrimeresponsibilitytoacitizenofCountryAwhocommitsacrimeinCountryB. 46.WhichdescriptionaboutCalebCushingisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?() (a)HewasaMassachusettscongressman. (b)HewasthefirstAmericanenvoytoChina. (c)Hewasalawyer.

(d)HewastheattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStatesbeforevisitedChina. 47.WhatisNOTincludedinthe1844Sino-Americabilateraltreaty?() (a)WhenAmericansenteredChina,theyallcarriedUSlaws. (b)AmericanswereallowedtotradefreelyinCanton. (c)Americanswereallowedtotradefreelyinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports. (d)UScitizensinChinawerenotsubjecttoChineselaws. 48.ThecontradictionbetweentheAmericanextraterritorialityandJusticeMarshall ’ sstatementin1812canbereconciledwhen() (a)thecenturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictionisforgotten. (b)onelooksattheissuefrominternationallevel. (c)everysovereignisincapableofconferringextraterritorialpower. (d)lawdynamicallyconstitutesanddeconstitutessovereigns. III. ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform: equality,antidistortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwith inasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofher representative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople; andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption. Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotec tedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalw aysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscur sivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbeme asured.Andthestate ’ sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitution alinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthro ughdiscursivedemocracy.Itisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasb eenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo. CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountas constitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommaki ngindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusi on,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAme ndmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmend mentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillbe responsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopini on.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetween FirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectio nstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingto preserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanal ysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurpo seofmaintainingelectoralintegrity. 49.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?() (a)Eachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.

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