2014年北京科技大学单独考试英语考研真题.doc

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2014 年北京科技大学单独考试英语考研真题北京科技大学 2014 年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 ============================================================================== 试题编号： 240 试题名称：单独考试英语适用专业：单独考试各专业说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。 ============================================================================== (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each) Part I: Vocabulary Section A Directions: Thereare10incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencethere are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. If you you want. your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what A. lessen B. moderate C. dismiss D. overcome 2. The professor's argument was with his conclusion. reasonable, but the audience did not agree A. suspiciously B. seemingly C. critically D. theoretically 3. I suppose I'll have to look for a job； wife or starve. I'll either have to find a rich A．otherwise B. that's why C. else 4. Many photographers prefer to take pictures of the special effects of the setting sun. D. on the other hand when they can take advantage A．at twilight B. at noon C. in the morning D. in the fall 5. The finance question must be answered with investors' fears of fraud. in order to relieve the A．accuracy B. exactness C. precision D. correction 6. The survival hunted for their skins. of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly A．ratio B. proportion C. rate D. scale 7. So far as he could，John had always tried to the example he saw in Lincoln. A．live up to B. set forth C. call for D. cut out 8. The students gradually a knowledge of the subject. A．acquired B. attained C. achieved D. obtained 9. He didn't openly attack the plan, but his opposition was to say anything in support of it. in his failure A. explicit B. implicit C. decisive D. obvious 10. The newly-built bridge that the river is convenient to the people living

in this area. A．traverses B. spans C. protects D. overlooks Section B Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlinedeach.ChooseoneofthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDthatbestkeeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. 11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anything in support of it. A．explicit B. obvious C. decisive D. underlying 12. When he was very young，he was afflicted with paralysis. A．troubled B. bothered C. influenced D. stricken 13. She was still writing away furiously when the bell went. A．continually B. hard C. easily D. continuously A. indifferent B. indivisible 14. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning English. C. essential D. elective 15. The severe earthquake damaged buildings as well as public or personal property in them. A．materials B. substances C. possessions D. qualities 16. At first I wasn't able to identify my brother in the crowd as he had changed so much since his departure. A．make up B. make out C. make for D. make in 17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because they enjoy doing so. A．endure B. support C. stick to D. continue in 18. The teacher told stories about Washington and Lincoln in respect to the importance of being honest. A．in connection with C．along with B. in case of D. together with 19. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends. A．fresh B. immediate C. notorious D. famous 20. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into his record. A．if only otherwise B. for fear that C. unless D. Cloze Test (20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each) Part II Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from thechoicesgivenbelow.MarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetbydrawingwithapencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets. It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases __21__ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be __22__ in our past experience, which

are brought into the present __23__ memory. Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep __24__ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is __25__ when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat. Memory __26__ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer __27__ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"--ready for __28__ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total __29__ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and __30__ of words. D. on D. in D. stored B. to B. found C. affects C. against C. observations D. information C. involved D. included C. for C. sought C. with B. from B. bases B. taken B. appears B. with B. instructive 21. A. of 22. A. keep 23. A. by 24. A. experiences 25. A. called 26. A. exists 27. A. to 28. A. progressive 29. A. deal 30. A. combinations B. connections Part III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points) Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each) Directions: Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinished statements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswers.Choosetheoneyouthinkisthebest answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet. Passage One Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage: C. co-ordinations D. collections B. number C. mount C. instant D. protective D. seems D. for D. amount All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catastrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rare. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses. It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man-induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife-whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors -are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the

economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human uses and needs. Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 invertebrate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one-third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying the boundaries of designated natural areas, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges. Another one-third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers. The remaining one-third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcorrecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams, introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water tables. The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value. 31. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________. A. the catastrophes in history which caused the extinction of total species B. the ways to protect endangered species C. the characteristics of threatened species D. the significance of protecting threatened species 32. What's the author's attitude toward the view that it is catastrophes that result in the total genetic losses? A. Positive. B. Negative. C. Neutral. D. Enthusiastic. 33. With which if the following statements would the author most likely agree? A. People haven't realized the impact of human activities on the extinction of wildlife. B. It is difficult for people to agree to protect endangered species at considerable economic cost. C. Endangered species can provide human beings with a variety of useful resources. D. Similar measures can be taken to protect various endangered species. 34. The author mentions all of the following as threats to shellfish species except ________. A. highway and housing development

B. poor erosion control C. overpopulation of shellfish D. lowering of water tables 35. Given the information in the passage, which of the following is not true of wildlife protection? A. The identification of threatened species should come before correction. B. We have gained sufficient knowledge for making identification of endangered species. C. Our present lists of threatened species are incomplete. D. Some geographical areas contain habitats of species that have important commercial value. Passage Two Questions 36-40 are based on the following passage: Researchers have learned to mix optimism with caution, and some of their results are demonstrating definite promise. When Matthew During and Michael Kaplitt first went hunting for capital to commercialize their research in gene therapy, their timing couldn't have been worse. It was the fall of 1999, just after teenager Jesse Gelsinger died in a clinical trial of gene therapy - the use of genes to deliver medicines to diseased cells. Together, During and Kaplitt were able to scrape up an initial $2.5 million. "Maybe we were arrogant to think we could start something at that time," Kaplitt concedes. Today, the two physician founders of Neurologix, in Fort Lee, N.J., are feeling much more upbeat. They're searching for $10 million to fund a pivotal trial in Parkinson's disease, and they expect to find it. Others are also prospecting in the once-neglected field of gene therapy. On Nov. 7, Colgate-Palmolive invested $20 million in Austin-based Introgen Therapeutics, which is pursuing novel remedies for oral cancer. And the Michael J. Fox Foundation is about to award its first-ever grant for gene therapy research. The $750,000 will go to San Diego-based Ceregene, which, like Neurologix, is zeroing in on a treatment for Parkinson's, the disease that afflicts actor Fox. Ceregene also raised $32 million in venture capital last year. Recent success stories in clinics and labs add to the sense that gene therapy is moving back into the mainstream. China has been quietly approving such treatments. And on Nov. 22, Genzyme (GENZ), in Cambridge, Mass., announced it will spend $3.2 million to acquire a manufacturing facility that will make several gene therapy treatments, including one aimed at a common condition among the elderly called peripheral arterial disease. "We've been in gene therapy a long time, and we've seen the ups and downs," says Richard Gregory, Genzyme's senior vice-president of research. "But we're optimistic." 36. What were things like when Matthew During and Michael first raise money for their study of gene therapy? A. They were very lucky. B. They were very confident.

C. A teenager died in a lab experiment of gene therapy. D. People's confidence in gene therapy was unreasonably high. 37. The word "upbeat" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________. A. proud B. optimistic C. anxious D. serious 38. All the following diseases are mentioned in the passage except __________. A. Down's syndrome B. Parkinson's disease C. oral cancer D. peripheral arterial disease 39. What do we know about the research of gene therapy? A. In the 20th century, gene therapy was suspected and neglected. B. Gene therapy becomes the prevailing method of treating patients now. C. San Diego-based Ceregene has achieved nothing in gene therapy research so far. D. The successes of gene therapy in clinics and labs restore people's confidence in gene therapy. 40. What is the author's attitude towards gene therapy? A. optimistic B. pessimistic C. indifferent D. neutral Passage Three Questions 41-45 are based on the following passage: We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it. Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed--no examination is perfect--but to have no external tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in external examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the ideals and the purpose of each teacher. Without external examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them--a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defense of excellence and opportunity would disappear if external examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school's reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favored school. The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there

must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are presumably selected by some computer. These people are not just against school organization, but are at war with the whole idea of modern competitive society and they are using children in schools for their destructive purposes. There is no reason why we should allow such people to determine the way our schools are organized when it is to the obvious disadvantage of the pupils, of the schools and of our society as a whole. 41. What is the opinion of the writer? A. We cannot have standards because examinations are not perfect. B. Without examinations there would be no standards. C. Standards must keep changing in order to achieve equality. D. Changing the standards could mean the end of equality. 42. What is the situation at the moment? A. A school's reputation is not very important, as long as a certificate. B. A bright child doesn't need certificates to get a job. C. Children attending well-respected schools do not get certificates. D. Many children who are suitable for a job have no proof of their suitability. 43. According to the writer, what would happen if external examinations were taken away? A. Children from poor families would not be able to change school. B. There would be no more opportunities and no more excellence. C. Schools for bright children would lose their reputation. D. Going to a favored school would be the only way to get a good job. 44. According to the writer, the opponents of the examination system say that ________. A. computers should be selected to take over many jobs B. particular people should not be chosen for particular jobs C. examinations are only bad when they show differences between people D. schools specializing in academic subjects should be done away with 45. In what way do the opponents of the examination system want to influence schools? A. They want children to compete more in school. B. They want to reorganize schools. C. They want schools to be more modern. D. They want to destroy schools. Passage Four Questions 46-50 are based on the following passage: The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive you need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil demanding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for

the best. If a few concessions and delays mean that the free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying. Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four months the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill's speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. O'Neill talked about changing the loans-and-grants system to developing countries to help them help themselves. He talked about insisting on internal legal and political reforms. He pointed out that foreign aid rarely works. His critiques of the current system was sharp, but anyone can criticize. The point is to fix things. He should take this opportunity to present a series of broad American initiatives that would broaden and deepen globalization. Washington should lead the developed world by responding to the legitimate demands of the developing world on trade-that means agriculture and anti-dumping. Hormats argues for a reform of the major international economic groups and institutions. A new system of effective foreign aid could have massive economic and political benefits for the whole world. In the wake of World War II, the Truman administration set up the global economic institutions that have secured and steered the world economy ever since. Throughout the cold war, America pushed for free trade as part of an overall strategy to combat communism and shore up the free world. Making globalization work better and for more people is not simply smart economics. It is a vital part of a new national-security strategy for America. 46. Which of the following is more emphasized now after September 11? A. Domestic economy. B. Politics. C. National Security. D. Global unity in fighting terrorism. 47. What does Hormats argue for? A. The developing countries have to help themselves. B. A new system of effective foreign aids will work well. C. The USA pushed and will push free trade world widely to combat communism. D. The foreign aids rarely work. 48. What makes the author's opinion different from O'Neill's? A. The author thought that O'Neill's talk was not to the point. B. The author didn't like the talker personally. C. O'Neill should have presented what to do to improve the economic globalization. D. The author thought what O'Neill said was precise, but not workable. 49. What does the author intend to say through the last paragraph? A. The Americans should follow Truman's global economic policy. B. The author suggests that the USA should have done more. C. The USA should pursue to combat the communism in economic competition. D. The Americans may live in luxurious and quiet surroundings under the conditions of the globalization.

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