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Synchronization Techniques for Digital Receivers.pdf

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    Cover
    Front Matter
    Preface
    Contents
    Ch1. Introduction
    1.1 What Synchronization Is About
    1.2 Outline of the Book
    References
    Ch2. Principles, Methods and Performance Limits
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 Synchronization Functions
    2.2.1 Timing Recovery with Baseband Systems
    2.2.2 Degradations Due to Timing Errors
    2.2.3 Passband PAM Systems
    2.2.4 Synchronization in PAM Coherent Receivers
    2.2.5 Degradations Due to Phase Errors
    2.2.6 Synchronization in PAM Differential Receivers
    2.2.7 Synchronization in CPM Systems
    2.2.8 Synchronization in Simplified CPM Receivers
    2.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
    2.3.1 ML Estimation from Continuous-Time Waveforms
    2.3.2 Baseband Signaling
    2.3.3 ML Estimation from Sample Sequences
    2.3.4 Baseband Signaling
    2.4 Performance Limits in Synchronization
    2.4.1 True and Modified Cramer-Rao Bounds
    2.4.2 An Alternative Approach to the Bounds
    2.4.3 MCRB(v) with PAM Modulation
    2.4.4 MCRB{v) with CPM Modulation
    2.4.5 MCRB(Theta) with PAM and CPM Modulations
    2.4.6 MCRB(Tao) with PAM Modulation
    2.4.7 MCRB(Tao) with CPM Modulation
    2.5 Key Points of the Chapter
    Appendix 2.A
    2.A.1 Baseband Transmission
    2.A.2 Passband Transmission
    2.A.3 Extension to Trellis-Coded Modulations
    Appendix 2.B
    References
    Ch3. Carrier Frequency Recovery with Linear Modulations
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Data-Aided Frequency Estimation
    3.2.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
    3.2.2 Practical Frequency Estimators
    3.2.3 First Method (Kay [3])
    3.2.4 Second Method (Fitz [4])
    3.2.5 Third Method (Luise and Reggiannini [6])
    3.2.6 Fourth Method (Approximate ML Estimation)
    3.2.7 Performance Comparisons
    3.3 Decision-Directed Recovery with DPSK
    3.3.1 Decision-Directed Algorithms with Differential PSK
    3.4 Non-Data-Aided but Clock-Aided Recovery
    3.4.1 Closed-Loop Algorithm
    3.4.2 Extension to M-ary PSK and QAM
    3.4.3 Open-Loop Algorithms
    3.5 Closed-Loop Recovery with No Timing Information
    3.5.1 Likelihood Function
    3.5.2 Open-Loop Search
    3.5.3 Closed-Loop Estimator
    3.5.4 Frequency Acquisition
    3.5.5 Frequency Tracking
    3.5.6 Comparison with MCRB
    3.5.7 Other Frequency Error Detectors
    3.6 Open-Loop Recovery with No Timing Information
    3.6.1 Delay-and-Multiply Method
    3.6.2 Digital Implementation
    3.6.3 Effects of Adjacent Channel Interference
    3.7 Key Points of the Chapter
    Appendix 3.A
    References
    Ch4. Carrier Frequency Recovery with CPM Modulations
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Laurent Expansion
    4.3 Data-Aided Frequency Estimation
    4.3.1 Frequency Estimation with MSK
    4.3.2 Extension to MSK-Type Modulation
    4.4 ML-Based NDA Frequency Estimation
    4.4.1 MSK-Type Modulation
    4.4.2 General CPM Modulation
    4.4.3 Loop Performance
    4.5 Delay-and-Multiply Schemes
    4.5.1 Open-Loop Scheme
    4.5.2 Closed-Loop Scheme
    4.6 Clock-Aided Recovery
    4.6.1 Delay-and-Multiply Method
    4.6.2 2P-Power Method with Full Response Formats
    4.7 Key Points of the Chapter
    Appendix 4.A
    Appendix 4.B
    Appendix 4.C
    References
    Ch5. Carrier Phase Recovery with Linear Modulations
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Clock-Aided and Data-Aided Phase Recovery
    5.2.1 ML Estimation with Non-Offset Formats
    5.2.2 Performance with Non-Offset Formats
    5.2.3 ML Estimation with Offset Formats
    5.2.4 Performance with Offset Formats
    5.2.5 Degradations Due to Frequency Errors
    5.3 Decision-Directed Phase Recovery with Non-Offset Modulation
    5.3.1 Feedback Structures
    5.3.2 First Approach
    5.3.3 Second Approach
    5.3.4 Acquisition and Tracking Characteristics
    5.3.5 S-Curves for General Modulation Formats
    5.3.6 Tracking Performance
    5.3.7 Effect of Frequency Errors
    5.3.8 Second-Order Tracking Loops
    5.3.9 Phase Noise
    5.4 Decision-Directed Phase Recovery with Offset Modulation
    5.4.1 Phase Estimation Loop
    5.4.2 Tracking Performance with Offset Formats
    5.4.3 Effects of Phase Noise and Frequency Errors
    5.5. Multiple Phase-Recovery with Trellis-Coded Modulations
    5.5.1 Tentative Decisions
    5.5.2 Multiple Synchronizers
    5.6 Phase Tracking with Frequency-Flat Fading
    5.6.1 Channel Estimation Problem
    5.6.2 Pilot-Tone Assisted Modulation
    5.6.3 Pilot-Symbol Assisted Modulation
    5.6.4 Per-Survivor Channel Estimation
    5.7 Clock-Aided but Non-Data-Aided Phase Recovery with Non-Offset Formats
    5.7.1 Likelihood Function
    5.7.2 High SNR
    5.7.3 Low SNR
    5.7.4 Feedforward Estimation with PSK
    5.7.5 Feedforward Estimation with QAM
    5.7.6 Ambiguity Resolution
    5.7.7 The Unwrapping Problem
    5.8 Clock-Aided but Non-Data-Aided Phase Recovery with OQPSK
    5.8.1 Likelihood Function
    5.8.2 Feedback Estimation Method
    5.8.3 ML-Oriented Feedforward Method
    5.8.4 Viterbi-Like Method
    5.9 Clockless Phase Recovery with PSK
    5.9.1 ML-Based Feedforward Estimation
    5.10 Clockless Phase Recovery with OQPSK
    5.10.1 Ad Hoc Method
    5.11 Key Points of the Chapter
    References
    Ch6. Carrier Phase Recovery with CPM Modulations
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Data-Aided Phase Estimation with MSK-Type Modulation
    6.2.1 MSK-Type Receivers
    6.2.2 Data-Aided Phase Estimation with MSK-Type Modulation
    6.2.3 Estimator Performance with MSK
    6.3 Decision-Directed Estimation with MSK-Type Modulation
    6.3.1 Decision-Directed Estimation with MSK
    6.4 Decision-Directed Estimation with General CPM
    6.4.1 ML Receivers for CPM
    6.4.2 Decision-Directed Phase Estimation
    6.5 CPM Signaling over Frequency-Flat Fading Channels
    6.5.1 ML Receiver
    6.5.2 Approximate ML Receiver Based on Per-Survivor- Processing Methods
    6.5.3 Improved Methods for Fast-Fading Channels
    6.5.4 Linearly Time-Selective Channels
    6.6 Clock-Aided but Non-Data-Aided Phase Estimation
    6.6.1 2P-Power Method Tor Full-Response Systems
    6.6.2 ML-Oriented Phase Estimation
    6.7 Clockless Phase Estimation
    6.8 Key Points of the Chapter
    References
    Ch7. Timing Recovery in Baseband Transmission
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Synchronous Sampling
    7.2.1 Hybrid NCO
    7.2.2 Timing Adjustment for Synchronous Sampling
    7.3 Non-Synchronous Sampling
    7.3.1 Feedback Recovery Scheme
    7.3.2 Piecewise Polynomial Interpolators
    7.3.3 Timing Adjustment with Non-Synchronous Sampling
    7.3.4 Timing Adjustment with Feedforward Schemes
    7.4 Decision-Directed Timing Error Detectors
    7.4.1 ML-Based Detectors
    7.4.2 S-Curve
    7.4.3 Tracking Performance
    7.4.4 Approximate-Derivative Method
    7.4.5 Other Timing Error Detectors
    7.5 Non-Data-Aided Detectors
    7.5.1 ML-Based Detector
    7.5.2 The Gardner Detector
    7.5.3 Tracking Performance
    7.5.4 Self Noise Elimination with the Gardner Detector
    7.6 Feedforward Estimation Schemes
    7.6.1 Non-Data-Aided ML-Based Algorithm
    7.6.2 Oerder and Meyr Algorithm
    7.7. Key Points of the Chapter
    Appendix 7.A
    References
    Ch8. Timing Recovery with Linear Modulations
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Decision-Directed Joint Phase and Timing Recovery with Non-Offset Formats
    8.2.1 ML-Based Joint Phase and Timing Estimation
    8.2.2 Remark
    8.2.3 Ad Hoc Timing Detectors
    8.2.4 Equivalent Model of the Synchronizer
    8.2.5 Tracking Performance
    8.3 Non-Data-Aided Feedback Timing Recovery with Non- Offset Formats
    8.3.1 ML-Oriented NDA Feedback Timing Recovery
    8.3.2 The Gardner Detector and Its Performance
    8.4 Non-Data-Aided Feedforward Estimators with Non-Offset Formats
    8.5 Timing Recovery with Frequency-Flat Fading Channels
    8.5.1 DD-CA Timing Recovery
    8.5.2 NDA Timing Recovery
    8.5.3 High SNR Approximation to the ML Estimator
    8.5.4 Modified ML Algorithm
    8.6 Decision-Directed Joint Phase and Timing Recovery with Offset Formats
    8.6.1 ML-Based Joint Phase and Timing Estimation
    8.6.2 Other Timing Detectors
    8.7 NDA Feedforward Joint Phase and Timing Recovery with Offset Formats
    8.7.1 Computation of the Likelihood Function
    8.7.2 ML-Based Estimator
    8.7.3 Estimator Performance
    8.8 Key Points of the Chapter
    Appendix 8.A
    Appendix 8.B
    Appendix 8.C
    References
    Ch9. Timing Recovery with CPM Modulations
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Decision-Directed Joint Phase and Timing Recovery
    9.2.1 ML Formulation
    9.2.2 Approximate Digital Differentiation
    9.2.3 Tracking Performance and Spurious Locks
    9.3 NDA Feedback Timing Recovery
    9.3.1 Approximate Expression for the Likelihood Function
    9.3.2 Timing Error Detector
    9.3.3 Performance
    9.3.4 False Lock Detection
    9.4 Ad Hoc Feedback Schemes for MSK-Type Modulations
    9.5 NDA Feedforward Timing Estimation
    9.6 Ad Hoc Feedforward Schemes for MSK Modulation
    9.6.1 MCM Scheme
    9.6.2 LM Scheme
    9.7 Key Points of the Chapter
    Appendix 9.A
    References
    Index
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