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GDB官方手册。绝对官方原版。.pdf
Summary of gdb
Free Software
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
Contributors to gdb
A Sample gdb Session
Getting In and Out of gdb
Invoking gdb
Choosing Files
Choosing Modes
What gdb Does During Startup
Quitting gdb
Shell Commands
Logging Output
gdb Commands
Command Syntax
Command Completion
Getting Help
Running Programs Under gdb
Compiling for Debugging
Starting your Program
Your Program's Arguments
Your Program's Environment
Your Program's Working Directory
Your Program's Input and Output
Debugging an Already-running Process
Killing the Child Process
Debugging Multiple Inferiors and Programs
Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads
Debugging Forks
Setting a Bookmark to Return to Later
A Non-obvious Benefit of Using Checkpoints
Stopping and Continuing
Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints
Setting Breakpoints
Setting Watchpoints
Setting Catchpoints
Deleting Breakpoints
Disabling Breakpoints
Break Conditions
Breakpoint Command Lists
Dynamic Printf
How to save breakpoints to a file
Static Probe Points
``Cannot insert breakpoints''
``Breakpoint address adjusted...''
Continuing and Stepping
Skipping Over Functions and Files
Signals
Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs
All-Stop Mode
Non-Stop Mode
Background Execution
Thread-Specific Breakpoints
Interrupted System Calls
Observer Mode
Running programs backward
Recording Inferior's Execution and Replaying It
Examining the Stack
Stack Frames
Backtraces
Selecting a Frame
Information About a Frame
Examining Source Files
Printing Source Lines
Specifying a Location
Editing Source Files
Choosing your Editor
Searching Source Files
Specifying Source Directories
Source and Machine Code
Examining Data
Expressions
Ambiguous Expressions
Program Variables
Artificial Arrays
Output Formats
Examining Memory
Automatic Display
Print Settings
Pretty Printing
Pretty-Printer Introduction
Pretty-Printer Example
Pretty-Printer Commands
Value History
Convenience Variables
Registers
Floating Point Hardware
Vector Unit
Operating System Auxiliary Information
Memory Region Attributes
Attributes
Memory Access Mode
Memory Access Size
Data Cache
Memory Access Checking
Copy Between Memory and a File
How to Produce a Core File from Your Program
Character Sets
Caching Data of Remote Targets
Search Memory
Debugging Optimized Code
Inline Functions
Tail Call Frames
C Preprocessor Macros
Tracepoints
Commands to Set Tracepoints
Create and Delete Tracepoints
Enable and Disable Tracepoints
Tracepoint Passcounts
Tracepoint Conditions
Trace State Variables
Tracepoint Action Lists
Listing Tracepoints
Listing Static Tracepoint Markers
Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments
Tracepoint Restrictions
Using the Collected Data
tfind n
tdump
save tracepoints filename
Convenience Variables for Tracepoints
Using Trace Files
Debugging Programs That Use Overlays
How Overlays Work
Overlay Commands
Automatic Overlay Debugging
Overlay Sample Program
Using gdb with Different Languages
Switching Between Source Languages
List of Filename Extensions and Languages
Setting the Working Language
Having gdb Infer the Source Language
Displaying the Language
Type and Range Checking
An Overview of Type Checking
An Overview of Range Checking
Supported Languages
C and C++
C and C++ Operators
C and C++ Constants
C++ Expressions
C and C++ Defaults
C and C++ Type and Range Checks
gdb and C
gdb Features for C++
Decimal Floating Point format
D
Go
Objective-C
Method Names in Commands
The Print Command With Objective-C
OpenCL C
OpenCL C Datatypes
OpenCL C Expressions
OpenCL C Operators
Fortran
Fortran Operators and Expressions
Fortran Defaults
Special Fortran Commands
Pascal
Modula-2
Operators
Built-in Functions and Procedures
Constants
Modula-2 Types
Modula-2 Defaults
Deviations from Standard Modula-2
Modula-2 Type and Range Checks
The Scope Operators :: and .
gdb and Modula-2
Ada
Introduction
Omissions from Ada
Additions to Ada
Stopping at the Very Beginning
Extensions for Ada Tasks
Tasking Support when Debugging Core Files
Tasking Support when using the Ravenscar Profile
Known Peculiarities of Ada Mode
Unsupported Languages
Examining the Symbol Table
Altering Execution
Assignment to Variables
Continuing at a Different Address
Giving your Program a Signal
Returning from a Function
Calling Program Functions
Patching Programs
gdb Files
Commands to Specify Files
Debugging Information in Separate Files
Index Files Speed Up gdb
Errors Reading Symbol Files
GDB Data Files
Specifying a Debugging Target
Active Targets
Commands for Managing Targets
Choosing Target Byte Order
Debugging Remote Programs
Connecting to a Remote Target
Sending files to a remote system
Using the gdbserver Program
Running gdbserver
Attaching to a Running Program
Multi-Process Mode for gdbserver
TCP port allocation lifecycle of gdbserver
Other Command-Line Arguments for gdbserver
Connecting to gdbserver
Monitor Commands for gdbserver
Tracepoints support in gdbserver
Remote Configuration
Implementing a Remote Stub
What the Stub Can Do for You
What You Must Do for the Stub
Putting it All Together
Configuration-Specific Information
Native
HP-UX
BSD libkvm Interface
SVR4 Process Information
Features for Debugging djgpp Programs
Features for Debugging MS Windows PE Executables
Support for DLLs without Debugging Symbols
DLL Name Prefixes
Working with Minimal Symbols
Commands Specific to gnu Hurd Systems
QNX Neutrino
Darwin
Embedded Operating Systems
Using gdb with VxWorks
Connecting to VxWorks
VxWorks Download
Running Tasks
Embedded Processors
ARM
Renesas M32R/D and M32R/SDI
M68k
MicroBlaze
MIPS Embedded
OpenRISC 1000
PowerPC Embedded
HP PA Embedded
Tsqware Sparclet
Setting File to Debug
Connecting to Sparclet
Sparclet Download
Running and Debugging
Fujitsu Sparclite
Zilog Z8000
Atmel AVR
CRIS
Renesas Super-H
Architectures
x86 Architecture-specific Issues
Alpha
MIPS
HPPA
Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture
PowerPC
Controlling gdb
Prompt
Command Editing
Command History
Screen Size
Numbers
Configuring the Current ABI
Automatically loading associated files
Automatically loading init file in the current directory
Automatically loading thread debugging library
The objfile-gdb.gdb file
Security restriction for auto-loading
Displaying files tried for auto-load
Optional Warnings and Messages
Optional Messages about Internal Happenings
Other Miscellaneous Settings
Extending gdb
Canned Sequences of Commands
User-defined Commands
User-defined Command Hooks
Command Files
Commands for Controlled Output
Scripting gdb using Python
Python Commands
Python API
Basic Python
Exception Handling
Values From Inferior
Types In Python
Pretty Printing API
Selecting Pretty-Printers
Writing a Pretty-Printer
Inferiors In Python
Events In Python
Threads In Python
Commands In Python
Parameters In Python
Writing new convenience functions
Program Spaces In Python
Objfiles In Python
Accessing inferior stack frames from Python.
Accessing frame blocks from Python.
Python representation of Symbols.
Symbol table representation in Python.
Manipulating breakpoints using Python
Finish Breakpoints
Python representation of lazy strings.
Python Auto-loading
The objfile-gdb.py file
The .debug_gdb_scripts section
Which flavor to choose?
Python modules
gdb.printing
gdb.types
gdb.prompt
Creating new spellings of existing commands
Command Interpreters
gdb Text User Interface
TUI Overview
TUI Key Bindings
TUI Single Key Mode
TUI-specific Commands
TUI Configuration Variables
Using gdb under gnu Emacs
The gdb/mi Interface
Function and Purpose
Notation and Terminology
gdb/mi General Design
Context management
Asynchronous command execution and non-stop mode
Thread groups
gdb/mi Command Syntax
gdb/mi Input Syntax
gdb/mi Output Syntax
gdb/mi Compatibility with CLI
gdb/mi Development and Front Ends
gdb/mi Output Records
gdb/mi Result Records
gdb/mi Stream Records
gdb/mi Async Records
gdb/mi Frame Information
gdb/mi Thread Information
gdb/mi Ada Exception Information
Simple Examples of gdb/mi Interaction
gdb/mi Command Description Format
gdb/mi Breakpoint Commands
gdb/mi Program Context
gdb/mi Thread Commands
gdb/mi Ada Tasking Commands
gdb/mi Program Execution
gdb/mi Stack Manipulation Commands
gdb/mi Variable Objects
gdb/mi Data Manipulation
gdb/mi Tracepoint Commands
gdb/mi Symbol Query Commands
gdb/mi File Commands
gdb/mi Target Manipulation Commands
gdb/mi File Transfer Commands
Miscellaneous gdb/mi Commands
gdb Annotations
What is an Annotation?
The Server Prefix
Annotation for gdb Input
Errors
Invalidation Notices
Running the Program
Displaying Source
JIT Compilation Interface
JIT Declarations
Registering Code
Unregistering Code
Custom Debug Info
Using JIT Debug Info Readers
Writing JIT Debug Info Readers
In-Process Agent
In-Process Agent Protocol
IPA Protocol Objects
IPA Protocol Commands
Reporting Bugs in gdb
Have You Found a Bug?
How to Report Bugs
Command Line Editing
Introduction to Line Editing
Readline Interaction
Readline Bare Essentials
Readline Movement Commands
Readline Killing Commands
Readline Arguments
Searching for Commands in the History
Readline Init File
Readline Init File Syntax
Conditional Init Constructs
Sample Init File
Bindable Readline Commands
Commands For Moving
Commands For Manipulating The History
Commands For Changing Text
Killing And Yanking
Specifying Numeric Arguments
Letting Readline Type For You
Keyboard Macros
Some Miscellaneous Commands
Readline vi Mode
Using History Interactively
History Expansion
Event Designators
Word Designators
Modifiers
In Memoriam
Formatting Documentation
Installing gdb
Requirements for Building gdb
Invoking the gdb configure Script
Compiling gdb in Another Directory
Specifying Names for Hosts and Targets
configure Options
System-wide configuration and settings
Maintenance Commands
gdb Remote Serial Protocol
Overview
Packets
Stop Reply Packets
General Query Packets
Architecture-Specific Protocol Details
ARM-specific Protocol Details
ARM Breakpoint Kinds
MIPS-specific Protocol Details
MIPS Register Packet Format
MIPS Breakpoint Kinds
Tracepoint Packets
Relocate instruction reply packet
Host I/O Packets
Interrupts
Notification Packets
Remote Protocol Support for Non-Stop Mode
Packet Acknowledgment
Examples
File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension
File-I/O Overview
Protocol Basics
The F Request Packet
The F Reply Packet
The Ctrl-C Message
Console I/O
List of Supported Calls
open
close
read
write
lseek
rename
unlink
stat/fstat
gettimeofday
isatty
system
Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes
Integral Datatypes
Pointer Values
Memory Transfer
struct stat
struct timeval
Constants
Open Flags
mode_t Values
Errno Values
Lseek Flags
Limits
File-I/O Examples
Library List Format
Library List Format for SVR4 Targets
Memory Map Format
Thread List Format
Traceframe Info Format
The GDB Agent Expression Mechanism
General Bytecode Design
Bytecode Descriptions
Using Agent Expressions
Varying Target Capabilities
Rationale
Target Descriptions
Retrieving Descriptions
Target Description Format
Inclusion
Architecture
OS ABI
Compatible Architecture
Features
Types
Registers
Predefined Target Types
Standard Target Features
ARM Features
i386 Features
MIPS Features
M68K Features
PowerPC Features
TMS320C6x Features
Operating System Information
Process list
Trace File Format
.gdb_index section format
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
GNU Free Documentation License
Concept Index
Command, Variable, and Function Index
Debugging with gdb
The gnu Source-Level Debugger
Tenth Edition, for gdb version 7.5.1
(GDB)
Richard Stallman, Roland Pesch, Stan Shebs, et al.
(Send bugs and comments on gdb to http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/.)
Debugging with gdb
TEXinfo 2011-02-14.11
Published by the Free Software Foundation
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
ISBN 978-0-9831592-3-0
Copyright c 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by
the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “Free Software” and “Free
Software Needs Free Documentation”, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,”
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You are free to copy and modify this GNU Man-
ual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in developing GNU and promoting
software freedom.”
i
Table of Contents
Summary of gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Free Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Free Software Needs Free Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Contributors to gdb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 A Sample gdb Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1
2 Getting In and Out of gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Invoking gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Choosing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.2 Choosing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.3 What gdb Does During Startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Quitting gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Shell Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Logging Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 gdb Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 Command Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Command Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 Running Programs Under gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1 Compiling for Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Starting your Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Your Program’s Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Your Program’s Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5 Your Program’s Working Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.6 Your Program’s Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7 Debugging an Already-running Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.8 Killing the Child Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.9 Debugging Multiple Inferiors and Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.10 Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.11 Debugging Forks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.12 Setting a Bookmark to Return to Later. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.12.1 A Non-obvious Benefit of Using Checkpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ii
Debugging with gdb
5 Stopping and Continuing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1 Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.1 Setting Breakpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.1.2 Setting Watchpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1.3 Setting Catchpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.4 Deleting Breakpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.1.5 Disabling Breakpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1.6 Break Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.1.7 Breakpoint Command Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.8 Dynamic Printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1.9 How to save breakpoints to a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.10 Static Probe Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.11 “Cannot insert breakpoints” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1.12 “Breakpoint address adjusted...” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2 Continuing and Stepping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.3 Skipping Over Functions and Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.4 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.5 Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.5.1 All-Stop Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5.2 Non-Stop Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.5.3 Background Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5.4 Thread-Specific Breakpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.5.5 Interrupted System Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.5.6 Observer Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6 Running programs backward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7 Recording Inferior’s Execution and Replaying
It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8 Examining the Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.1 Stack Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.2 Backtraces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.3 Selecting a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.4
Information About a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
9 Examining Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9.1 Printing Source Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9.2 Specifying a Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9.3 Editing Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
9.3.1 Choosing your Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.4 Searching Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.5 Specifying Source Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.6 Source and Machine Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
iii
10 Examining Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.1 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
10.2 Ambiguous Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.3 Program Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
10.4 Artificial Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
10.5 Output Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
10.6 Examining Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
10.7 Automatic Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10.8 Print Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
10.9 Pretty Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.9.1 Pretty-Printer Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.9.2 Pretty-Printer Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.9.3 Pretty-Printer Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.10 Value History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
10.11 Convenience Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
10.12 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.13 Floating Point Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.14 Vector Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.15 Operating System Auxiliary Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.16 Memory Region Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10.16.1 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.16.1.1 Memory Access Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.16.1.2 Memory Access Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.16.1.3 Data Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.16.2 Memory Access Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.17 Copy Between Memory and a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.18 How to Produce a Core File from Your Program . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.19 Character Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.20 Caching Data of Remote Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.21 Search Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
11 Debugging Optimized Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
11.1
Inline Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
11.2 Tail Call Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
12 C Preprocessor Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
13 Tracepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.1 Commands to Set Tracepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.1.1 Create and Delete Tracepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
13.1.2 Enable and Disable Tracepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
13.1.3 Tracepoint Passcounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
13.1.4 Tracepoint Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
13.1.5 Trace State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
13.1.6 Tracepoint Action Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
13.1.7 Listing Tracepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
13.1.8 Listing Static Tracepoint Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
iv
Debugging with gdb
13.1.9 Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
13.1.10 Tracepoint Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
13.2 Using the Collected Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
13.2.1 tfind n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
13.2.2 tdump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2.3 save tracepoints filename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
13.3 Convenience Variables for Tracepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
13.4 Using Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
14 Debugging Programs That Use Overlays
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
14.1 How Overlays Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
14.2 Overlay Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
14.3 Automatic Overlay Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
14.4 Overlay Sample Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
15 Using gdb with Different Languages . . . . . . 169
15.1 Switching Between Source Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
15.1.1 List of Filename Extensions and Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
15.1.2 Setting the Working Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
15.1.3 Having gdb Infer the Source Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
15.2 Displaying the Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
15.3 Type and Range Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
15.3.1 An Overview of Type Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
15.3.2 An Overview of Range Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
15.4 Supported Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
15.4.1 C and C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
15.4.1.1 C and C++ Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
15.4.1.2 C and C++ Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
15.4.1.3 C++ Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
15.4.1.4 C and C++ Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
15.4.1.5 C and C++ Type and Range Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
15.4.1.6 gdb and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
15.4.1.7 gdb Features for C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
15.4.1.8 Decimal Floating Point format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
15.4.2 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
15.4.3 Go. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
15.4.4 Objective-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
15.4.4.1 Method Names in Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
15.4.4.2 The Print Command With Objective-C . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.4.5 OpenCL C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.4.5.1 OpenCL C Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.4.5.2 OpenCL C Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.4.5.3 OpenCL C Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.4.6 Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.4.6.1 Fortran Operators and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
15.4.6.2 Fortran Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
v
15.4.6.3 Special Fortran Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
15.4.7 Pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
15.4.8 Modula-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
15.4.8.1 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
15.4.8.2 Built-in Functions and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
15.4.8.3 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
15.4.8.4 Modula-2 Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
15.4.8.5 Modula-2 Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
15.4.8.6 Deviations from Standard Modula-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
15.4.8.7 Modula-2 Type and Range Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.4.8.8 The Scope Operators :: and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.4.8.9 gdb and Modula-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.4.9 Ada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
15.4.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
15.4.9.2 Omissions from Ada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
15.4.9.3 Additions to Ada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15.4.9.4 Stopping at the Very Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
15.4.9.5 Extensions for Ada Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
15.4.9.6 Tasking Support when Debugging Core Files . . . . . . 195
15.4.9.7 Tasking Support when using the Ravenscar Profile
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
15.4.9.8 Known Peculiarities of Ada Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
15.5 Unsupported Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
16 Examining the Symbol Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
17 Altering Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
17.1 Assignment to Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
17.2 Continuing at a Different Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
17.3 Giving your Program a Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
17.4 Returning from a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
17.5 Calling Program Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
17.6 Patching Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
18 gdb Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
18.1 Commands to Specify Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
18.2 Debugging Information in Separate Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Index Files Speed Up gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
18.3
18.4 Errors Reading Symbol Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
18.5 GDB Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
19 Specifying a Debugging Target . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
19.1 Active Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
19.2 Commands for Managing Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
19.3 Choosing Target Byte Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
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Debugging with gdb
20 Debugging Remote Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
20.1 Connecting to a Remote Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
20.2 Sending files to a remote system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
20.3 Using the gdbserver Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
20.3.1 Running gdbserver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
20.3.1.1 Attaching to a Running Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
20.3.1.2 Multi-Process Mode for gdbserver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
20.3.1.3 TCP port allocation lifecycle of gdbserver . . . . . . . . 235
20.3.1.4 Other Command-Line Arguments for gdbserver . . . 235
20.3.2 Connecting to gdbserver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
20.3.3 Monitor Commands for gdbserver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
20.3.4 Tracepoints support in gdbserver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
20.4 Remote Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Implementing a Remote Stub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
20.5
20.5.1 What the Stub Can Do for You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
20.5.2 What You Must Do for the Stub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
20.5.3 Putting it All Together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
21 Configuration-Specific Information . . . . . . . . 247
21.1 Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
21.1.1 HP-UX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
21.1.2 BSD libkvm Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
21.1.3 SVR4 Process Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
21.1.4 Features for Debugging djgpp Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
21.1.5 Features for Debugging MS Windows PE Executables . . 251
21.1.5.1 Support for DLLs without Debugging Symbols. . . . . 252
21.1.5.2 DLL Name Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
21.1.5.3 Working with Minimal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
21.1.6 Commands Specific to gnu Hurd Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
21.1.7 QNX Neutrino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
21.1.8 Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.2 Embedded Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.2.1 Using gdb with VxWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.2.1.1 Connecting to VxWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
21.2.1.2 VxWorks Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
21.2.1.3 Running Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
21.3 Embedded Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
21.3.1 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
21.3.2 Renesas M32R/D and M32R/SDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
21.3.3 M68k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
21.3.4 MicroBlaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
21.3.5 MIPS Embedded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
21.3.6 OpenRISC 1000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
21.3.7 PowerPC Embedded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
21.3.8 HP PA Embedded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
21.3.9 Tsqware Sparclet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
21.3.9.1 Setting File to Debug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
21.3.9.2 Connecting to Sparclet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
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