2018年出的介绍lidar教材.pdf

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Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Contents

LiDAR Data Index Map

Foreword

Preface

Authors

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Brief Overview of Remote Sensing

1.1 From Aerial Photography to Remote Sensing

1.2 Multispectral Remote Sensing

1.3 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

1.4 Radar Remote Sensing

1.5 LiDAR Remote Sensing

References

Chapter 2 Principles of LiDAR Remote Sensing

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Basic Components of LiDAR

2.3 Physical Principles of LiDAR

2.4 LiDAR Accuracy

2.5 LiDAR Data Formats

2.6 LiDAR Systems

2.7 LiDAR Resources

Project 2.1: Review of Zonal Statistics for Raster Data in ArcGIS

Project 2.2: Creating an LAS Dataset Using LiDAR Point Clouds from Fremont, CA, USA

Project 2.3: Exploring Airborne LiDAR Data

References

Chapter 3 Basics of LiDAR Data Processing

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Filtering

3.2.1 TIN-Based Methods

3.2.2 Raster-Based Methods

3.3 Classification of Non-ground Points

3.4 Spatial Interpolation

Project 3.1: Creating DTM, DSM, and DHM from LiDAR Data in Indianapolis, IN, USA

Project 3.2: Generating a Terrain Dataset Using LiDAR Data from St. Albans, VT, USA

References

Chapter 4 LiDAR for Forest Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Canopy Surface Height Modeling and Mapping

4.3 LiDAR Metrics for Vegetation Analysis

4.4 Individual Tree Isolation and Mapping

4.4.1 Grid-Based Tree Mapping

4.4.2 Point-Based Tree Mapping

4.4.3 Remaining Challenges in Tree Mapping

4.4.4 Modeling and Predicting Individual Tree Attributes

4.4.5 A Simulation Study for Tree Isolation

4.5 Area-Based Modeling and Mapping

4.6 Modeling, Mapping, and Estimating Biomass

Project 4.1: Extracting Canopy Heights from Leaf-On and Leaf-Off LiDAR Data in Susquehanna Shale Hills, PA, USA

Project 4.2: Identifying Disturbances from Hurricanes and Lightning Strikes to Mangrove Forests Using LiDAR Data in Everglades National Park, FL, USA

References

Chapter 5 LiDAR for Urban Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Road Extraction

5.3 Building Extraction and 3D Reconstruction

5.4 Population Estimation

5.5 Change Detection

5.6 Assessment of Post-Disaster Building Damage

5.7 Assessment of Post-Disaster Road Blockage

Project 5.1: Locating 3D LiDAR Points Near a Powerline in the City of Denton, TX, USA

Project 5.2: Small-Area Population Estimation Using Count, Area, and Volume of Residential Buildings Extracted from LiDAR Data in Denton, TX, USA

References

Chapter 6 LiDAR for Geoscience Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Aeolian Landforms

6.3 Fluvial Landforms

6.4 Surface Hydrology

6.5 Volcanic and Impact Landforms

6.6 Tectonic Landforms

6.7 Lithology and Geologic Structures

Project 6.1: Measuring Sand Dune Migration Using Multi-Temporal LiDAR Data in White Sands Dune Field, NM, USA

Project 6.2: Deriving Trend Surfaces of Simple Folds Using LiDAR Data in Raplee Ridge, UT, USA

References

Index

LiDAR Remote Sensing and Applications

Remote Sensing Applications Series Editor Qihao Weng Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.A. LiDAR Remote Sensing and Applications, Pinliang Dong, Qi Chen Urban Remote Sensing, Second Edition, edited by Qihao Weng, Dale Quattrochi, and Paolo E. Gamba Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Practices, Ruiliang Pu Integrating Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS, Dale A. Quattrochi, Elizabeth A. Wentz, Nina Siu-Ngan Lam, and Charles W. Emerson Remote Sensing for Sustainability, Qihao Weng Remote Sensing Applications for the Urban Environment, George Z. Xian Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces in Tropical and Subtropical Areas, Hui Lin, Yuanzhi Zhang, and Qihao Weng Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation, edited by Qihao Weng Remote Sensing of Natural Resources, edited by Guangxing Wang and Qihao Weng Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover: Principles and Applications, Chandra P. Giri Remote Sensing of Protected Lands, edited by Yeqiao Wang Advances in Environmental Remote Sensing: Sensors, Algorithms, and Applications, edited by Qihao Weng Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments, edited by Yeqiao Wang Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, edited by Prasad S. Thenkabail, John G. Lyon, Hugh Turral, and Chandashekhar M. Biradar Global Mapping of Human Settlement: Experiences, Data Sets, and Prospects, edited by Paolo Gamba and Martin Herold Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications, Marcus Borengasser, William S. Hungate, and Russell Watkins Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces, edited by Qihao Weng Multispectral Image Analysis Using the Object-Oriented Paradigm, Kumar Navulur

LiDAR Remote Sensing and Applications Pinliang Dong and Qi Chen

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-4301-7 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-74724-1 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Dong, Pinliang, author. | Chen, Qi (Geography professor), author. Title: LiDAR remote sensing and applications / Pinliang Dong and Qi Chen. Description: Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017035053 | ISBN 9781482243017 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Remote sensing. | Geography--Remote sensing. | Forests and forestry--Remote sensing. | Ecology--Remote sensing. | Optical radar. Classification: LCC G70.4 .D66 2018 | DDC 621.36/78--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035053 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

Contents LiDAR Data Index Map ............................................................................................ix Foreword ...................................................................................................................xi Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii Authors .....................................................................................................................xv List of Abbreviations..............................................................................................xvii Chapter 1 Brief Overview of Remote Sensing ......................................................1 From Aerial Photography to Remote Sensing ...........................1 1.1 Multispectral Remote Sensing ...................................................3 1.2 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing .................................................4 1.3 Radar Remote Sensing ..............................................................7 1.4 LiDAR Remote Sensing .......................................................... 10 1.5 References .......................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 Principles of LiDAR Remote Sensing ................................................ 19 Introduction ............................................................................. 19 Basic Components of LiDAR .................................................. 19 Physical Principles of LiDAR ................................................. 19 LiDAR Accuracy .....................................................................22 LiDAR Data Formats ..............................................................22 LiDAR Systems .......................................................................26 LiDAR Resources ....................................................................26 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Project 2.1: Review of Zonal Statistics for Raster Data in ArcGIS .....................................................................27 Project 2.2: Creating an LAS Dataset Using LiDAR Point Clouds from Fremont, CA, USA ................................31 Project 2.3: Exploring Airborne LiDAR Data ............................... 35 References .......................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3 Basics of LiDAR Data Processing ..................................................... 41 3.1 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................. 41 Filtering ................................................................................... 43 TIN-Based Methods ................................................... 43 3.2.1 Raster-Based Methods ................................................ 45 3.2.2 Classification of Non-ground Points ........................................46 Spatial Interpolation ................................................................46 3.3 3.4 Project 3.1: Creating DTM, DSM, and DHM from LiDAR Data in Indianapolis, IN, USA ...................................49 v

vi Contents Project 3.2: Generating a Terrain Dataset Using LiDAR Data from St. Albans, VT, USA ..........................................54 References ..........................................................................................60 Chapter 4 LiDAR for Forest Applications .......................................................... 63 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction ............................................................................. 63 Canopy Surface Height Modeling and Mapping .....................64 LiDAR Metrics for Vegetation Analysis ................................. 70 Individual Tree Isolation and Mapping ................................... 72 Grid-Based Tree Mapping .......................................... 72 4.4.1 Point-Based Tree Mapping ......................................... 77 4.4.2 4.4.3 Remaining Challenges in Tree Mapping.................... 78 Modeling and Predicting Individual Tree Attributes .... 79 4.4.4 4.4.5 A Simulation Study for Tree Isolation ........................ 79 Area-Based Modeling and Mapping ....................................... 83 Modeling, Mapping, and Estimating Biomass ........................84 4.5 4.6 Project 4.1: Extracting Canopy Heights from Leaf-On and Leaf-Off LiDAR Data in Susquehanna Shale Hills, PA, USA .......................................................... 91 Project 4.2: Identifying Disturbances from Hurricanes and Lightning Strikes to Mangrove Forests Using LiDAR Data in Everglades National Park, FL, USA .... 95 References ....................................................................................... 105 Chapter 5 LiDAR for Urban Applications ........................................................ 111 Introduction ........................................................................... 111 Road Extraction ..................................................................... 111 Building Extraction and 3D Reconstruction ......................... 114 Population Estimation ........................................................... 117 Change Detection .................................................................. 119 Assessment of Post-Disaster Building Damage .................... 125 Assessment of Post-Disaster Road Blockage ......................... 127 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Project 5.1: Locating 3D LiDAR Points Near a Powerline in the City of Denton, TX, USA ...................................131 Project 5.2: Small-Area Population Estimation Using Count, Area, and Volume of Residential Buildings Extracted from LiDAR Data in Denton, TX, USA .... 134 References ........................................................................................ 144 Chapter 6 LiDAR for Geoscience Applications ................................................ 151 6.1 6.2 6.3 Introduction ........................................................................... 151 Aeolian Landforms ................................................................ 151 Fluvial Landforms ................................................................. 157

Contents vii Surface Hydrology ................................................................. 158 Volcanic and Impact Landforms ........................................... 160 Tectonic Landforms ............................................................... 162 Lithology and Geologic Structures........................................ 169 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Project 6.1: Measuring Sand Dune Migration Using Multi-Temporal LiDAR Data in White Sands Dune Field, NM, USA ..............................................173 Project 6.2: Deriving Trend Surfaces of Simple Folds Using LiDAR Data in Raplee Ridge, UT, USA ..................182 References ........................................................................................ 190 Index ...................................................................................................................... 197

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