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    Contents
    Foreword
    Foreword
    Preface
    Why This Book Is Pertinent Now
    What You Need to Use the Code
    How to Use This Book
    Introduction
    Parallelism with Control Dependencies Only
    Parallelism with Control and Data Dependencies
    Dynamic Task Parallelism and Pipelines
    Supporting Material
    What Is Not Covered
    Goals
    Acknowledgments
    Chapter 1. Introduction
    The Importance of Potential Parallelism
    Decomposition, Coordination, and Scalable Sharing
    Understanding Tasks
    Coordinating Tasks
    Scalable Sharing of Data
    Design Approaches
    Selecting the Right Pattern
    A Word about Terminology
    The Limits of Parallelism
    A Few Tips
    Exercises
    For More Information
    Parallel Loops
    The Basics
    Parallel for Loops
    parallel_for_each
    What to Expect
    An Example
    Sequential Credit Review Example
    Credit Review Example Using parallel_for_each
    Performance Comparison
    Variations
    Breaking out of Loops Early
    Exception Handling
    Special Handling of Small Loop Bodies
    Controlling the Degree of Parallelism
    Anti-Patterns
    Hidden Loop Body Dependencies
    Small Loop Bodies with Few Iterations
    Duplicates in the Input Enumeration
    Scheduling Interactions with Cooperative Blocking
    Related Patterns
    Exercises
    Further Reading
    Chapter 3. Parallel Tasks
    The Basics
    An Example
    Variations
    Coordinating Tasks with Cooperative Blocking
    Canceling a Task Group
    Handling Exceptions
    Speculative Execution
    Anti-Patterns
    Variables Captured by Closures
    Unintended Propagation of Cancellation Requests
    The Cost of Synchronization
    Design Notes
    Task Group Calling Conventions
    Tasks and Threads
    How Tasks Are Scheduled
    Structured Task Groups and Task Handles
    Lightweight Tasks
    Exercises
    Further Reading
    Chapter 4. Parallel Aggregation
    The Basics
    An Example
    Variations
    Considerations for Small Loop Bodies
    Other Uses for Combinable Objects
    Design Notes
    Related Patterns
    Exercises
    Further Reading
    Chapter 5. Futures
    The Basics
    Futures
    Example: The Adatum Financial Dashboard
    The Business Objects
    The Analysis Engine
    Variations
    Canceling Futures
    Removing Bottlenecks
    Modifying the Graph at Run Time
    Design Notes
    Decomposition into Futures
    Functional Style
    Related Patterns
    Pipeline Pattern
    Master/Worker Pattern
    Dynamic Task Parallelism Pattern
    Discrete Event Pattern
    Exercises
    Chapter 6. Dynamic Task Parallelism
    An Example
    Variations
    Parallel While-Not-Empty
    Adding Tasks to a Pending Wait Context
    Exercises
    Further Reading
    Chapter 7. Pipelines
    Types of Messaging Blocks
    The Basics
    An Example
    Sequential Image Processing
    The Image Pipeline
    Performance Characteristics
    Variations
    Asynchronous Pipelines
    Canceling a Pipeline
    Handling Pipeline Exceptions
    Load Balancing Using Multiple Producers
    Pipelines and Streams
    Anti-Patterns
    Copying Large Amounts of Data between Pipeline Stages
    Pipeline Stages that Are Too Small
    Forgetting to Use Message Passing for Isolation
    Infinite Waits
    Unbounded Queue Growth
    More Information
    Design Notes
    Related Patterns
    Exercises
    Further Reading
    Appendix A. The Task Scheduler and Resource Manager
    Resource Manager
    Why It’s Needed
    How Resource Management Works
    Dynamic Resource Management
    Oversubscribing Cores
    Querying the Environment
    Kinds of Tasks
    Lightweight Tasks
    Tasks Created Using PPL
    Task Schedulers
    Managing Task Schedulers
    Creating and Attaching a Task Scheduler
    Detaching a Task Scheduler
    Destroying a Task Scheduler
    Scenarios for Using Multiple Task Schedulers
    Implementing a Custom Scheduling Component
    The Scheduling Algorithm
    Schedule Groups
    Adding Tasks
    Running Tasks
    Enhanced Locality Mode
    Forward Progress Mode
    Task Execution Order
    Tasks That Are Run Inline
    Using Contexts to Communicate with the Scheduler
    Debugging Information
    Querying for Cancellation
    Interface to Cooperative Blocking
    Waiting
    The Caching Suballocator
    Long-Running I/O Tasks
    Setting Scheduler Policy
    Anti-Patterns
    Multiple Resource Managers
    Resource Management Overhead
    Unintentional Oversubscription from Inlined Tasks
    Deadlock from Thread Starvation
    Ignored Process Affinity Mask
    References
    Appendix B. Debugging and Profiling Parallel Applications
    The Parallel Tasks and Parallel Stacks Windows
    Breakpoints and Memory Allocation
    The Concurrency Visualizer
    Scenario Markers
    Visual Patterns
    Oversubscription
    Lock Contention and Serialization
    Load Imbalance
    Further Reading
    Appendix C. Technology Overview
    Further Reading
    Glossary
    Index
    P A R A L L E L P R O G R A M M I N G M I C R O S O F T V I S U A L C++ WITH Design Patterns for Decomposition and Coordination on Multicore Architectures Colin Campbell Ade Miller Forewords by Tony Hey Herb Sutter • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
    parallel programming with microsoft visual c++ ® > m o c . k o o b e w o w w w w < k o o B e ! . w o W m o r f d a o n w o D l
    Parallel Programming with Microsoft Visual C++® Design Patterns for Decomposition and Coordination on Multicore Architectures Colin Campbell Ade Miller
    ISBN 978-0-7356-5175-3 This document is provided “as-is.” Information and views expressed in this document, including URL and other Internet website references, may change without notice. You bear the risk of using it. Unless otherwise noted, the companies, organizations, products, domain names, email addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted in examples herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, email address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. Comply- ing with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property. © 2011 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, MSDN, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, Visual Studio, Windows, Windows Live, Windows Server, and Windows Vista are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.
    Contents xi xiii xv xv xvi xvi xvii xviii xviii xviii xviii xix xx xx xxi 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 11 Who This Book Is For Why This Book Is Pertinent Now What You Need to Use the Code How to Use This Book Introduction Parallelism with Control Dependencies Only Parallelism with Control and Data Dependencies Dynamic Task Parallelism and Pipelines Supporting Material What Is Not Covered Goals acknowledgments 1 Introduction foreword Tony Hey foreword Herb Sutter preface The Importance of Potential Parallelism Decomposition, Coordination, and Scalable Sharing Understanding Tasks Coordinating Tasks Scalable Sharing of Data Design Approaches Selecting the Right Pattern A Word about Terminology The Limits of Parallelism A Few Tips Exercises For More Information
    vi 2 Parallel Loops The Basics Parallel for Loops parallel_for_each What to Expect An Example Sequential Credit Review Example Credit Review Example Using parallel_for_each Performance Comparison Variations Anti-Patterns Breaking out of Loops Early Exception Handling Special Handling of Small Loop Bodies Controlling the Degree of Parallelism Hidden Loop Body Dependencies Small Loop Bodies with Few Iterations Duplicates in the Input Enumeration Scheduling Interactions with Cooperative Blocking Related Patterns Exercises Further Reading 3 Parallel Tasks The Basics An Example Variations Coordinating Tasks with Cooperative Blocking Canceling a Task Group Handling Exceptions Speculative Execution Anti-Patterns Design Notes Variables Captured by Closures Unintended Propagation of Cancellation Requests The Cost of Synchronization Task Group Calling Conventions Tasks and Threads How Tasks Are Scheduled Structured Task Groups and Task Handles Lightweight Tasks Exercises Further Reading 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 27 28 29 31 31 33 35 36 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42
    4 Parallel Aggregation The Basics An Example Variations Considerations for Small Loop Bodies Other Uses for Combinable Objects Design Notes Related Patterns Exercises Further Reading 5 Futures The Basics Futures Example: The Adatum Financial Dashboard The Business Objects The Analysis Engine Variations Canceling Futures Removing Bottlenecks Modifying the Graph at Run Time Design Notes Decomposition into Futures Functional Style Related Patterns Pipeline Pattern Master/Worker Pattern Dynamic Task Parallelism Pattern Discrete Event Pattern 6 Dynamic Task Parallelism Exercises The Basics An Example Variations Exercises Further Reading 7 Pipelines Types of Messaging Blocks The Basics Parallel While-Not-Empty Adding Tasks to a Pending Wait Context vii 45 46 49 55 55 55 55 57 58 58 61 62 63 65 66 67 70 70 70 71 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 73 75 75 77 80 80 81 83 83 85 86 86
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