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Modulation Transfer Function in Optical and Electro-Optical Systems Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Modulation Transfer Function in Optical and Electro-Optical Systems Glenn D. Boreman Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering Volume TT52 Bellingham, Washington USA Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boreman, Glenn D. Modulation transfer function in optical and electro-optical systems / Glenn D. Boreman. p. cm. — (Tutorial texts in optical engineering ; v. TT 52) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8194-4143-0 1. Optics. 2. Electrooptical devices. 3. Modulation theory. I. Title. II. Series. 2001031158 CIP TA1520 .B67 2001 621.36–dc21 Published by SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering P.O. Box 10 Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Phone: 360/676-3290 Fax: 360/647-1445 Email: spie@spie.org WWW: www.spie.org Copyright © 2001 The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Introduction to the Series The Tutorial Texts series was initiated in 1989 as a way to make the material presented in SPIE short courses available to those who couldn’t attend and to provide a reference book for those who could. Typically, short course notes are developed with the thought in mind that supporting material will be presented verbally to complement the notes, which are generally written in summary form, highlight key technical topics, and are not intended as stand-alone documents. Additionally, the figures, tables, and other graphically formatted information included with the notes require further explanation given in the instructor’s lecture. As stand-alone documents, short course notes do not generally serve the student or reader well. Many of the Tutorial Texts have thus started as short course notes subsequently expanded into books. The goal of the series is to provide readers with books that cover focused technical interest areas in a tutorial fashion. What separates the books in this series from other technical monographs and textbooks is the way in which the material is presented. Keeping in mind the tutorial nature of the series, many of the topics presented in these texts are followed by detailed examples that further explain the concepts presented. Many pictures and illustrations are included with each text, and where appropriate tabular reference data are also included. To date, the texts published in this series have encompassed a wide range of topics, from geometrical optics to optical detectors to image processing. Each proposal is evaluated to determine the relevance of the proposed topic. This initial reviewing process has been very helpful to authors in identifying, early in the writing process, the need for additional material or other changes in approach that serve to strengthen the text. Once a manuscript is completed, it is peer reviewed to ensure that chapters communicate accurately the essential ingredients of the processes and technologies under discussion. During the past nine years, my predecessor, Donald C. O'Shea, has done an excellent job in building the Tutorial Texts series, which now numbers nearly forty books. It has expanded to include not only texts developed by short course instructors but also those written by other topic experts. It is my goal to maintain the style and quality of books in the series, and to further expand the topic areas to include emerging as well as mature subjects in optics, photonics, and imaging. Arthur R. Weeks, Jr. Invivo Research Inc. and University of Central Florida Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE / vii CHAPTER 1 MTF IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS / 1 Impulse response / 1 1.1 1.2 Spatial frequency / 4 1.3 Transfer function / 7 1.3.1 Modulation transfer function / 9 1.3.2 Phase transfer function / 12 1.4 MTF and resolution / 16 1.5 Diffraction MTF / 18 1.5.1 Calculation of diffraction MTF / 20 1.5.2 Diffraction MTF for obscured systems / 25 1.6 Geometrical MTF / 26 1.6.1 Effect of defocus on MTF / 27 1.6.2 Effect of other aberrations on MTF / 27 1.6.3 MTF and Strehl ratio / 28 References / 29 Further reading / 30 CHAPTER 2 MTF IN ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS / 31 2.1 Detector footprint MTF / 31 2.2 Sampling / 35 2.2.1 Aliasing / 35 2.2.2 Sampling MTF / 41 2.3 Crosstalk / 51 2.4 Electronic-network MTF / 53 2.5 Conclusion / 55 References / 56 Further reading / 57 CHAPTER 3 OTHER MTF CONTRIBUTIONS / 59 3.1 Motion MTF / 59 3.2 Vibration MTF / 60 3.3 Turbulence MTF / 62 3.4 Aerosol-scattering MTF / 65 References / 67 Further reading / 68 v Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

vi Table of Contents CHAPTER 4 MTF MEASUREMENT METHODS / 69 Point-spread function (PSF) / 70 4.1 4.2 Line-spread function (LSF) / 71 4.3 Edge-spread function (ESF) / 73 4.4 Comparison of PSF, LSF, and ESF / 76 4.5 Noise targets / 76 4.5.1 Laser speckle MTF test / 77 4.5.2 Random-transparency MTF test / 78 4.6 Bar-target MTF measurement / 79 References / 84 CHAPTER 5 PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT ISSUES / 85 5.1 Cascade properties of MTF / 85 5.2 Quality of auxiliary optics / 89 5.3 5.4 Correcting for finite source size / 91 5.5 Correcting for the image-receiver MTF / 94 Source coherence / 90 5.6 5.7 5.5.1 Finite pixel width / 94 5.5.2 Finite sampling interval / 95 Summary of instrumental MTF issues / 96 Increasing SNR in PSF, LSF, and ESF tests / 96 5.7.1 Object- and image-plane equivalence / 96 5.7.2 Averaging in pixelated detector arrays / 99 5.7.3 Potential pitfalls / 100 5.8 MTF testing observations / 101 5.9 Use of computers in MTF measurements / 101 5.10 Representative instrument designs / 102 5.10.1 Example #1: visible ESF / 102 5.10.2 Example #2: infrared line response / 103 5.10.3 Example #3: visible square-wave response / 104 5.10.4 Example #4: bar-target response / 106 References / 106 Further reading / 107 INDEX / 109 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/24/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

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