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科技论文写作指南（英文书籍）.pdf

发布时间：2022-06-09 发布人：admin 分类：说明书 资料大小：5.87M 资料格式：pdf 举报 版权申诉
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    Cover
    Half-title
    Title
    Copyright
    Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    1 Basic rules of writing
    Brevity
    Logic and clarity
    Clean typing
    2 Comments on scientific language
    English as a foreign language
    Follow the “leitmotif”
    Verbosity
    He/she
    Active or passive voice
    Tense
    Noun clusters and modifiers
    Prevalence and incidence
    Avoid the use of “respectively”
    The “and/or” construction
    Unnecessary hedging
    How old is young?
    Avoid synonyms to achieve elegant variation
    The remote verb
    3 Drafting the manuscript
    Write down your thoughts as they arise
    Where and when to write?
    How it can work in practice
    The other way around
    Handwriting or word processing?
    4 Choosing a journal
    Instructions to authors
    5 Preparing a graph
    The line graph
    Relationship between the lengths of the axes
    Labeling axes
    The chart
    Before submission
    6 Drawings
    7 Figure legends
    8 How to design tables
    The descriptive title
    The declarative title
    Rounding off
    Table or graph?
    Typing the table
    9 Title
    Whenever possible, use a declarative rather than a neutral title
    Titles ending with a question mark
    Begin with the keywords
    Use verbs instead of abstract nouns
    Avoid abbreviations in the title
    A title for your thesis
    Running title
    10 Authors
    Guidelines on authorship
    The contributors list
    A question of coauthorship
    11 Abstract
    The conventional abstract
    The structured abstract
    12 Introduction
    13 Methods
    The subjects
    Informed consent
    Omissions in reporting of randomized controlled trials
    Randomization
    Blinding
    Number of subjects
    A checklist
    14 Results
    Participant flow and follow-up
    Dropouts
    Loss of participants to follow-up
    Details of randomized participants
    Study outcome
    15 Discussion
    Evaluate the results – not the authors
    Avoid claiming priority
    The reference-13 trick
    16 Acknowledgments
    Always give credit for financial support
    17 References
    Vancouver versus Harvard style?
    The Vancouver system – also called the numbering system
    The Harvard system – also called the name-and-year system
    Accuracy of references and quotations
    Your own author name
    Chinese names
    Anonymous
    Record titles in the language of publication
    Names of journals
    How to refer to World Wide Web
    18 Ph.D. and other doctoral theses
    Compilations: the theses of the future
    Contributors
    Thesis at a glance
    General introduction
    Aims
    Methods and results
    General discussion
    Acknowledgments
    Cover illustration
    A fresh look
    The structure of the thesis overview
    19 Letters and case reports
    The thalidomide letter
    Format and size of a letter
    Transforming a paper into a letter
    Case reports
    Format and size of case reports
    20 Numbers
    Two numbers side by side
    Decimal point
    Thousands
    Numbers with several zeros
    Quotients of units
    Percentages
    Rounding to two significant digits
    Enumeration
    What do we mean by “often”?
    21 Abbreviations
    Units of measure
    General principles
    22 How to present statistical results
    Using mean when median is meant
    Using standard error instead of standard deviation
    Failure to distinguish between statistical significance and biological importance
    Selected presentation of multiple statistical testing
    Overinterpretation of subgroup effects
    Using relative instead of absolute figures
    Some further comments
    The ± sign
    P < 0.05 = the truth
    23 Typing
    “Twain spacing”
    12-point Times
    Avoid using block capitals
    Up-and-down-style versus down style
    Do not mimic the journal’s style
    The length of the manuscript
    The importance of punctuation
    24 Dealing with editors and referees
    Do referees delay?
    Unpublished work
    Shortening the manuscript
    Accepted or rejected
    25 Correcting proofs
    How to read proof
    What to correct
    Correction marks
    Electronic proof
    26 Authors’ responsibilities
    Subjects’ right to privacy
    Duplicate submission
    Borrowing published material
    Saving your original data
    Literature needed on your desk
    On phraseology
    On synonyms
    On manuscript preparation
    On how to abbreviate a journal’s title
    Further reading
    Guides to writing
    Punctuation
    The English language
    Style manuals
    Illustrations
    Statistics
    Literature cited
    Index
    This page intentionally left blank
    HOW TO WRITE AND ILLUSTRATE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER SECOND EDITION This Second Edition of How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper will help both first-time writers and more experienced authors, in all biological and medical disciplines, to present their results effectively. Whilst retaining the easy-to-read and well-structured approach of the previous edition, it has been broadened to include comprehensive advice on writing compilation theses for doctoral degrees, and a detailed description of preparing case reports. Illustrations, particularly graphs, are discussed in detail, with poor examples redrawn for comparison. The reader is offered advice on how to present the paper, where and how to submit the manuscript, and finally, how to correct the proofs. Examples of both good and bad writing, selected from actual journal articles, illustrate the author’s advice – which has been developed through his extensive teaching experience – in this accessible and informative guide. B J O¨ R N G U S T A V I I has been teaching courses in scientific writing for doctoral (Ph.D.) students in medicine for 25 years. He brings his personal experience to this book, both from writing more than 100 of his own research papers and from his work as a journal editor.
    How to Write and Illustrate Scientific Papers Bjo¨rn Gustavii Second Edition
    CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878906 © B. Gustavii 2003, 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-39316-7 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87890-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
    Contents v Preface Acknowledgements vii 1 1 Basic rules of writing 2 Comments on scientific language 3 3 Drafting the manuscript 15 4 Choosing a journal 18 5 Preparing a graph 20 6 Drawings 7 Figure legends 40 8 How to design tables 42 9 Title 10 Authors 54 11 Abstract 58 12 Introduction 61 13 Methods 63 14 Results 68 15 Discussion 74 16 Acknowledgments 79 38 48 v
    81 111 120 17 References 18 Ph.D. and other doctoral theses 91 19 Letters and case reports 101 20 Numbers 105 21 Abbreviations 22 How to present statistical results 114 23 Typing 24 Dealing with editors and referees 132 25 Correcting proofs 137 26 Authors’ responsibilities Literature needed on your desk 150 Further reading 152 Literature cited 156 Index 165 142 vi
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