A Brief History of Humankind.pdf

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Title Page

Dedication

Contents

Timeline of History

Part One: The Cognitive Revolution

1: An Animal of No Significance

2: The Tree of Knowledge

3: A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve

4: The Flood

Part Two: The Agricultural Revolution

5: History’s Biggest Fraud

6: Building Pyramids

7: Memory Overload

8: There is No Justice in History

Part Three: The Unification of Humankind

9: The Arrow of History

10: The Scent of Money

11: Imperial Visions

12: The Law of Religion

13: The Secret of Success

Part Four: The Scientific Revolution

14: The Discovery of Ignorance

15: The Marriage of Science and Empire

16: The Capitalist Creed

17: The Wheels of Industry

18: A Permanent Revolution

19: And They Lived Happily Ever After

20: The End of Homo Sapiens

Afterword: The Animal that Became a God

Notes

Acknowledgements

Image credits

English translation copyright © 2014 by Yuval Noah Harari Published simultaneously in the United Kingdom by Harvill Secker First published in Hebrew in Israel in 2011 by Cloth edition published 2014 Kinneret, Zmora-Bitan, Dvir Signal Books is an imprint of McClelland & Stewart, a division of Random House of Canada Limited, a Penguin Random House Company All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the publisher – or, in case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency – is an infringement of the copyright law. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Harari, Yuval N., author Sapiens : a brief history of humankind / Yuval Noah Harari. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-7710-3850-1 (bound).–ISBN 978-0-7710-3852-5 (html) 1. Civilization–History. 2. Human beings–History. I. Title. CB25.H37 2014 909 C2014-904589-1 C2014-904590-5 Jacket design © Suzanne Dean Picture research by Caroline Wood Maps by Neil Gower McClelland & Stewart, a division of Random House of Canada Limited, a Penguin Random House Company www.randomhouse.ca v3.1

In loving memory of my father, Shlomo Harari

Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Timeline of History Part One The Cognitive Revolution 1 An Animal of No Significance 2 The Tree of Knowledge 3 A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve 4 The Flood Part Two The Agricultural Revolution 5 History’s Biggest Fraud 6 Building Pyramids 7 Memory Overload 8 There is No Justice in History Part Three The Unification of Humankind 9 The Arrow of History 10 The Scent of Money 11 Imperial Visions 12 The Law of Religion 13 The Secret of Success Part Four The Scientific Revolution 14 The Discovery of Ignorance 15 The Marriage of Science and Empire 16 The Capitalist Creed 17 The Wheels of Industry

18 A Permanent Revolution 19 And They Lived Happily Ever After 20 The End of Homo Sapiens Afterword: The Animal that Became a God Notes Acknowledgements Image credits

Timeline of History Matter and energy appear. Beginning of physics. Atoms and molecules appear. Beginning of chemistry. Years Before the Present 13.5 billion 4.5 billion Formation of planet Earth. 3.8 billion Emergence of organisms. Beginning of biology. 6 million Last common grandmother of humans and chimpanzees. 2.5 million Evolution of the genus Homo in Africa. First stone tools. 2 million 500,000 Neanderthals evolve in Europe and the Middle East. 300,000 Daily usage of fire. 200,000 Homo sapiens evolves in East Africa. 70,000 The Cognitive Revolution. Emergence of fictive language. 45,000 Sapiens settle Australia. Extinction of Australian megafauna. 30,000 Extinction of Neanderthals. Beginning of history. Sapiens spread out of Africa. Humans spread from Africa to Eurasia. Evolution of different human species.

species. 16,000 Sapiens settle America. Extinction of American megafauna. 13,000 Extinction of Homo floresiensis. Homo sapiens the only surviving human 12,000 The Agricultural Revolution. Domestication of plants and animals. 5,000 4,250 Permanent settlements. First kingdoms, script and money. Polytheistic religions. First empire – the Akkadian Empire of Sargon. Invention of coinage – a universal money. The Persian Empire – a universal political order ‘for the benefit of all humans’. Buddhism in India – a universal truth ‘to liberate all beings from suffering’. 2,500 2,000 Han Empire in China. Roman Empire in the Mediterranean. Christianity. 1,400 Islam. The Scientific Revolution. Humankind admits its ignorance and begins to acquire unprecedented power. Europeans begin to conquer America and the oceans. The entire planet becomes a single historical arena. The rise of capitalism. The Industrial Revolution. Family and community are replaced by state and market. Massive extinction of plants and animals. Humans transcend the boundaries of planet Earth. Nuclear weapons threaten the survival of humankind. Organisms are increasingly shaped by intelligent design rather than natural selection. Intelligent design becomes the basic principle of life? Homo sapiens is replaced by superhumans? 500 200 The Present The Future

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