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学术论文写作手册.pdf

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    Cover Page
    Copyright Page
    Half-Title Page
    Title Page
    Brief Contents
    Contents
    Preface
    Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook
    Chapter 1: Basic Information about the Research Paper
    1a: Hatred of the research paper
    1b: Definition of the research paper
    1c: Format of the research paper
    1d: Reasons for the research paper
    1e: The report paper and the thesis paper
    1f: Drafts of the research paper
    1g: Writing the research paper: Steps and schedule
    Chapter 2: Choosing a Topic
    2a: How to choose a topic
    2b: Topics to avoid
    2b-1: Topics that are too big
    2b-2: Topics based on a single source
    2b-3: Topics that are too technical
    2b-4: Topics that are trivial
    2b-5: Topics that are too hot
    2c: Narrowing the topic
    Chapter 3: The Library
    3a: Layout of the library
    3a-1: The computer
    3a-2: Online full-text databases
    3a-3: Microform indexes
    3a-4: Stacks
    3a-5: Reserve room or shelf
    3a-6: Main desk
    3a-7: Reserve desk
    3a-8: Audiovisual room
    3a-9: Microform room
    3a-10: Newspaper racks
    3a-11: Computer room
    3a-12: Carrels
    3b: Organization of the library collections
    3b-1: The Dewey Decimal System
    3b-2: The Cutter-Sanborn Author Marks
    3b-3 The Library of Congress Classification System
    3b-4 Classification of periodicals
    3b-5 Classification of nonbooks
    Chapter 4: Using the Computer in Your Research
    4a: Computers and the research paper
    4b: The Internet
    4b-1: The World Wide Web
    4c: Online resources
    4c-1: Databases
    4c-2: Electronic journals
    4c-3: Online public-access catalogs (OPACs)
    4c-4: Blogs and social networks
    4d: Researching with search engines
    4d-1: Finding a search engine
    4e: Usenet, Listserv, telnet, and gopher
    4f: Evaluating Internet sources
    4f-1: Where was the information found?
    4f-2: Who wrote it?
    4f-3: Who publishes it?
    4f-4: What are the writer’s sources?
    4f-5: What tone does the writer use?
    4f-6: What do the writer’s contemporaries have to say?
    4f-7: What is the writer’s motive?
    4f-8: What is the context of the writer’s opinion?
    4g: Running a search
    4h: Useful Internet sites
    Chapter 5: Doing the Research
    5a: What information to look for
    5a-1: Single-fact information
    5a-2: General information
    5a-3: In-depth information
    5b: Where to look for information
    5b-1: General indexes
    5b-2: Specialized indexes
    5b-3: Using interviews and surveys
    5b-4: Corresponding by e-mail
    5b-5: Attending lectures, concerts, or art exhibits
    5c: Assembling a working bibliography
    5d: Selecting your sources: Skimming
    5d-1: Primary and secondary sources
    5d-2: Evaluating sources
    5e: Note-taking
    5e-1: Using the computer to take notes
    5e-2: Using a copy machine to take notes
    5e-3: Kinds of notes
    5f: Plagiarism and how to avoid it
    Chapter 6: The Thesis and the Outline
    6a: The thesis: Definition and function
    6a-1: Formulating the thesis
    6a-2: Rules for wording the thesis
    6a-3: Placing the thesis
    6a-4: Choosing a title
    6b: The outline
    6b-1: Visual conventions of the outline
    6b-2: Equal ranking in outline entries
    6b-3: Parallelism in outline entries
    6b-4: Types of outlines
    6c: Choosing an outline form
    Chapter 7: Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft
    7a: Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist
    7b: Writer’s block
    7c: Writing with a computer
    7c-1: Overdoing it
    7c-2: Using a spell-checker
    7d: Using your notes in the paper
    7d-1: Summaries and paraphrases
    7d-2: Direct and indirect quotations
    7d-3: Using brief direct quotations
    7d-4: Using long quotations
    7d-5: Using quotations from poetry
    7d-6: Using a quotation within another quotation
    7d-7: Punctuating quotations
    7d-8: Handling interpolations in quoted material
    7d-9: Using the ellipsis
    7d-10: Overusing quotations
    7d-11: Personal commentary
    7e: How to use quotations to explore and discover
    7f: Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis
    7f-1: Unity
    7f-2: Coherence
    7f-3: Emphasis
    7g: Using the proper tense
    7h: Using graphics in your research paper
    7i: Writing the abstract
    Chapter 8: Revising Your Rough Draft
    8a: Principles of revision
    8a-1: Rereading your writing
    8a-2: Revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements
    8b: Revising the opening paragraph
    8b-1: Revising the introduction
    8b-2: Check that your paragraphs follow the sequence of topics in the thesis
    8b-3: Revising the body paragraphs
    8b-4: Check paragraph transitions
    8c: Revising sentences for variety and style
    8c-1: Revise sentences to use the active voice
    8c-2: Revise to use an appropriate point of view
    8c-3: Revise sexist language
    8d: Revising words: Diction
    8d-1: Revise diction for accuracy and exactness
    8d-2: Revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead of single nouns
    8d-3: Revise redundant expressions
    8d-4: Revise meaningless words and phrases
    8d-5: Revise snobbish diction
    8e: Rules for Writers. Not.
    Chapter 9: The MLA System of Documentation
    9a: Parenthetical documentation: Author-work (MLA)
    9a-1: What to document
    9a-2: Guidelines for in-text citations
    9b: Format for “Works Cited” (MLA)
    9b-1: General order in references to books
    9b-2: Sample references to books
    9b-3: General order in references to periodicals
    9b-4: Sample references to periodicals
    9b-5: References to electronic sources
    9b-6: General order in references to electronic sources
    9b-7: Sample references to electronic sources
    9b-8: Sample references to nonprint materials
    9b-9: Sample references to special items
    9c: Content notes
    9c-1: Content note explaining a term
    9c-2: Content note expanding on an idea
    9c-3: Content note referring the reader to another source
    9c-4: Content note explaining procedures
    9c-5: Content note acknowledging help
    9c-6: Content note consolidating references
    9d: Finished form of the MLA paper
    9d-1: Appearance
    9d-2: Title page
    9d-3: Abstract
    9d-4: Pagination and headings
    9d-5: Spacing of text
    9d-6: Font
    9d-7: Illustrations, tables, and other graphics
    9d-8: Use of numbers
    9d-9: Bibliography (titled “Works Cited”)
    9e: Peer review checklist
    9f: Submitting your paper electronically
    Chapter 10: The APA System of Documentation
    10a: Parenthetical documentation: Author-date (APA)
    10a-1: Examples of APA in-text citations to books
    10a-2: Avoiding clutter in the text
    10b: Format for “References” (APA)
    10b-1: General order for books in “References”
    10b-2: Sample references to books
    10b-3: General order for periodicals in “References”
    10b-4: Sample references to periodicals
    10b-5: Sample references to electronic sources
    10b-6: Sample references to nonprint materials
    10b-7: Sample references to special items
    10c: Writing the abstract
    10d: Finished form of the paper
    10d-1: Two kinds of APA papers: The theoretical and the empirical
    10d-2: Appearance of the final copy
    10e: Peer review checklist
    10f: Submitting your paper electronically
    Chapter 11: The Traditional System of Documentation (CMS)
    11a: Footnotes and endnotes
    11a-1: Formatting of notes
    11a-2: Rules for numbering the notes
    11a-3: Sample footnote references to books
    11a-4: Sample footnotes for periodicals
    11b: Subsequent references in footnotes and endnotes
    11c: Electronic sources
    11d: Finished form of the paper
    11d-1: Abstract
    11d-2: Pagination and text format
    11d-3: Content or reference notes
    11d-4: Illustrations: Tables and fi gures
    11d-5: Use of numbers
    11d-6: Bibliography
    11e: Peer review checklist
    11f: Submitting your paper electronically
    Chapter 12: Sample Student Papers
    12a: Paper using author-work documentation (MLA)
    12b: Paper using author-date documentation (APA)
    12c: Paper using footnote documentation (CMS)
    Appendix A: Mechanics
    A1: Numbers and dates
    A1-a: Percentages and amounts of money
    A1-b: Inclusive numbers
    A1-c: Roman numerals
    A1-d: Dates
    A2: Titles
    A2-a: Titles in italic
    A2-b: Titles in quotation marks
    A2-c: Titles within titles
    A2-d: Frequent references to a title
    A3: Italic and underlining
    A4: Names of people
    A5: Hyphenating words
    A6: Spaces and punctuation marks
    A7: Foreign-language words
    A8: Abbreviations
    A8-a: Commonly used abbreviations
    A8-b: The Bible
    A8-c: Shakespeare
    A8-d: Days and months
    A8-e: States and U.S. territories
    A8-f: Publishers’ names
    A8-g: Abbreviations
    A9: Spelling
    Appendix B: General and Specialized References, an Annotated List
    B1: A list of general references
    B1-a: Sources that list books
    B1-b: Sources that list periodicals and newspapers
    B1-c: Sources about general knowledge
    B1-d: Encyclopedias
    B1-e: Sources about words: Dictionaries
    B1-f: Works about places
    B1-g: Works about people
    B1-h: Resources about government publications
    B1-i: Sources about nonbooks (nonprint materials)
    B2: A list of specialized references
    B2-a: Art
    B2-b: Business and economics
    B2-c: Dance
    B2-d: Ecology
    B2-e: Education
    B2-f: Ethnic studies
    B2-g: High technology
    B2-h: History
    B2-i: Literature
    B2-j: Music
    B2-k: Mythology, classics, and folklore
    B2-l: Philosophy
    B2-m: Psychology
    B2-n: Religion
    B2-o: Science
    B2-p: Social sciences
    B2-q: Women’s studies
    Credits
    Text Credits
    Chapter 3
    Chapter 5
    Chapter 7
    Chapter 9
    Chapter 11
    Photo Credits
    Index
    Checklist for Preparing the Final Draft of the Research Paper
    Subject
    Sources
    Organization
    Writing
    Form
    Untitled
    Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
    Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook, Eighth Edition Anthony C. Winkler Jo Ray Metherell Publisher/Executive Editor: Lyn Uhl Acquisitions Editor: Kate Derrick Assistant Editor: Kelli Streiby Editorial Assistant: Elizabeth Reny Media Editor: Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing Manager: Stacey Purviance Content Project Manager: PreMediaGlobal Art Director: Jill Ort Print Buyer: Susan Spencer Rights Acquisition Specialist: Katie Huha Production Service: PreMediaGlobal Photo Manager: PreMediaGlobal Cover Designer: Nesbitt Graphics Inc./Alisha Webber Cover Image: VEER Compositor: PreMediaGlobal © 2012, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932459 ISBN-13: 978-0-495-79964-1 ISBN-10: 0-495-79964-5 Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
    Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
    Writing the Research Paper A Handbook Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
    Eighth Edition Writing the Research Paper A Handbook Anthony C. Winkler Jo Ray Metherell Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
    Contents Preface xix 1 Basic Information about the Research Paper Format of the research paper 4 1a Hatred of the research paper 3 1b Defi nition of the research paper 3 1c 1d Reasons for the research paper 5 1e The report paper and the thesis paper 5 1f Drafts of the research paper 6 1g Writing the research paper: Steps and schedule 9 2 Choosing a Topic 2a How to choose a topic 13 2b Topics to avoid 15 2c Narrowing the topic 17 The Library Layout of the library 21 3 3a 3b Organization of the library collections 27 4 Using the Computer in Your Research 4a Computers and the research paper 37 4b The Internet 38 4c Online resources 38 4d Researching with search engines 41 4e Usenet, Listserv, telnet, and gopher 42 4f 4g Running a search 46 4h Useful Internet sites 47 Evaluating Internet sources 43 5 Doing the Research 5a What information to look for 51 5b Where to look for information 52 5c Assembling a working bibliography 58 5d 5e Note-taking 63 5f Selecting your sources: Skimming 60 Plagiarism and how to avoid it 69 The Thesis and the Outline 6 6a The thesis: Defi nition and function 75 6b The outline 81 6c Choosing an outline form 87 7 7a Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist 91 7b Writer’s block 91 7c Writing with a computer 91 7d Using your notes in the paper 92 7e How to use quotations to explore and discover 104 7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis 105 7g Using the proper tense 108 7h Using graphics in your research paper 109 7i Writing the abstract 115 Revising Your Rough Draft Principles of revision 119 8 8a 8b Revising the opening paragraph 120 8c Revising sentences for variety and style 125 8d Revising words: Diction 130 8e Rules for Writers. Not. 134 9 9a The MLA System of Documentation Parenthetical documentation: Author- work (MLA) 139 9b Format for “Works Cited” (MLA) 144 9c Content notes 174 9d Finished form of the MLA paper 176 9e 9f 10 10a Peer review checklist 184 Submitting your paper electronically 184 The APA System of Documentation Parenthetical documentation: Author- date (APA) 187 10b Format for “References” (APA) 193 10c Writing the abstract 208 10d Finished form of the paper 209 10e 10f 11 Peer review checklist 218 Submitting your paper electronically 218 The Traditional System of Documentation (CMS) Footnotes and endnotes 221 Subsequent references in footnotes and endnotes 229 11a 11b 11c Electronic sources 230 11d Finished form of the paper 231 11e 11f Peer review checklist 235 Submitting your paper electronically 236 Sample Student Papers Paper using author-work documentation (MLA) 239 12 12a 12b Paper using author-date documentation 12c (APA) 251 Paper using footnote documentation (CMS) 265 Appendices A Mechanics A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B General and Specialized References, Numbers and dates 271 Titles 273 Italic and underlining 277 Names of people 278 Hyphenating words 279 Spaces and punctuation marks 280 Foreign-language words 280 Abbreviations 281 Spelling 291 an Annotated List A list of general references 293 A list of specialized references 306 B1 B2 Credits 329 Index 333 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
    This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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