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    c3928_fm.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Preface
    Acknowledgment
    Table of Contents
    C3928_ch 01.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Radar Basics
    1.1. Radar Classifications
    1.2. Range
    1.3. Range Resolution
    1.4. Doppler Frequency
    1.5. The Radar Equation
    1.5.1. Radar Reference Range
    1.6. Search (Surveillance)
    1.6.1. Mini Design Case Study 1.1
    1.7. Pulse Integration
    1.7.1. Coherent Integration
    1.7.2. Non-Coherent Integration
    1.7.3. Detection Range with Pulse Integration
    1.7.4. Mini Design Case Study 1.2
    1.8. Radar Losses
    1.8.1. Transmit and Receive Losses
    1.8.2. Antenna Pattern Loss and Scan Loss
    1.8.3. Atmospheric Loss
    1.8.4. Collapsing Loss
    1.8.5. Processing Losses
    1.8.6. Other Losses
    1.9. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 1
    1.9.1. Authors and Publisher Disclaimer
    1.9.2. Problem Statement
    1.9.3. A Design
    1.9.4. A Design Alternative
    1.10. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 1.1. MATLAB Function “radar_eq.m”
    Listing 1.2. MATLAB Program “fig1_12.m”
    Listing 1.3. MATLAB Program “fig1_13.m”
    Listing 1.4. MATLAB Program “ref_snr.m”
    Listing 1.5. MATLAB Function “power_aperture.m”
    Listing 1.6. MATLAB Program “fig1_16.m”
    Listing 1.7. MATLAB Program “casestudy1_1.m”
    Listing 1.8. MATLAB Program “fig1_19.m”
    Listing 1.9. MATLAB Program “fig1_21.m”
    Listing 1.10. MATLAB Function “pulse_integration.m”
    Listing 1.11. MATLAB Program “myradarvisit1_1.m”
    Listing 1.12. MATLAB Program “fig1_27.m”
    Appendix 1A Pulsed Radar
    1A.1. Introduction
    1A.2. Range and Doppler Ambiguities
    1A.3. Resolving Range Ambiguity
    1A.4. Resolving Doppler Ambiguity
    Appendix 1B Noise Figure
    1B.1. Noise Figure
    C3928_ch 02.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 2 Radar Detection
    2.1. Detection in the Presence of Noise
    2.2. Probability of False Alarm
    2.3. Probability of Detection
    2.4. Pulse Integration
    2.4.1. Coherent Integration
    2.4.2. Non-Coherent Integration
    2.5. Detection of Fluctuating Targets
    2.5.1. Threshold Selection
    2.6. Probability of Detection Calculation
    2.6.1. Detection of Swerling V Targets
    2.6.2. Detection of Swerling I Targets
    2.6.3. Detection of Swerling II Targets
    2.6.4. Detection of Swerling III Targets
    2.6.5. Detection of Swerling IV Targets
    2.7. The Radar Equation Revisited
    2.8. Cumulative Probability of Detection
    2.8.1. Mini Design Case Study 2.2
    2.9. Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR)
    2.9.1. Cell-Averaging CFAR (Single Pulse)
    2.9.2. Cell-Averaging CFAR with Non-Coherent Integration
    2.10. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 2
    2.10.1. Problem Statement
    2.10.2. A Design
    2.10.2.1 Single Pulse (Per Frame) Design Option
    2.10.2.2. Non-Coherent Integration Design Option
    2.11. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 2.1. MATLAB Program “fig2_2.m”
    Listing 2.2. MATLAB Function “que_func.m”
    Listing 2.3. MATLAB Program “fig2_3.m”
    Listing 2.4. MATLAB Function “marcumsq.m”
    Listing 2.5. MATLAB Program “prob_snr1.m”
    Listing 2.6. MATLAB program “fig2_6a.m”
    Listing 2.7. MATLAB Function “improv_fac.m”
    Listing 2.8. MATLAB Program “fig2_6b.m”
    Listing 2.9. MATLAB Function “incomplete_gamma.m”
    Listing 2.10. MATLAB Function “factor.m”
    Listing 2.11. MATLAB Program “fig2_7.m”
    Listing 2.12. MATLAB Function “threshold.m”
    Listing 2.13. MATLAB Program “fig2_8.m”
    Listing 2.14. MATLAB Function “pd_swerling5.m”
    Listing 2.15. MATLAB Program “fig2_9.m”
    Listing 2.16. MATLAB Function “pd_swerling1.m”
    Listing 2.17. MATLAB Program “fig2_10.m”
    Listing 2.18. MATLAB Program “fig2_11ab.m”
    Listing 2.19. MATLAB Function “pd_swerling2.m”
    Listing 2.20. MATLAB Program “fig2_12.m”
    Listing 2.21. MATLAB Function “pd_swerling3.m”
    Listing 2.22. MATLAB Program “fig2_13.m”
    Listing 2.23. MATLAB Function “pd_swerling4.m”
    Listing 2.24. MATLAB Program “fig2_14.m”
    Listing 2.25. MATLAB Function “fluct_loss.m”
    Listing 2.26. MATLAB Program “fig2_15.m”
    Listing 2.27. MATLAB Program “myradar_visit2_1.m”
    Listing 2.28. MATLAB Program “myradar_visit2_2.m”
    Listing 2.29. MATLAB Program “fig2_21.m”
    C3928_ch 03.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 3 Radar Waveforms
    3.1. Low Pass, Band Pass Signals, and Quadrature Components
    3.2. The Analytic Signal
    3.3. CW and Pulsed Waveforms
    3.4. Linear Frequency Modulation Waveforms
    3.5. High Range Resolution
    3.6. Stepped Frequency Waveforms
    3.6.1. Range Resolution and Range Ambiguity in SFW
    3.6.2. Effect of Target Velocity
    3.7. The Matched Filter
    3.8. The Replica
    3.9. Matched Filter Response to LFM Waveforms
    3.10. Waveform Resolution and Ambiguity
    3.10.1. Range Resolution
    3.10.2. Doppler Resolution
    3.10.3. Combined Range and Doppler Resolution
    3.11. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 3
    3.11.1. Problem Statement
    3.11.2. A Design
    3.12. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 3.1. MATLAB Program “fig3_7.m”
    Listing 3.2. MATLAB Program “fig3_8.m”
    Listing 3.3. MATLAB Function “hrr_profile.m”
    Listing 3.4. MATLAB Program “fig3_17.m”
    C3928_ch 04.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 4 The Radar Ambiguity Function
    4.1. Introduction
    4.2. Examples of the Ambiguity Function
    4.2.1. Single Pulse Ambiguity Function
    4.2.2. LFM Ambiguity Function
    4.2.3. Coherent Pulse Train Ambiguity Function
    4.3. Ambiguity Diagram Contours
    4.4. Digital Coded Waveforms
    4.4.1. Frequency Coding (Costas Codes)
    4.4.2. Binary Phase Codes
    4.4.3. Pseudo-Random Number (PRN) Codes
    4.5. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 4
    4.5.1. Problem Statement
    4.5.2. A Design
    4.6. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 4.1. MATLAB Function “single_pulse_ambg.m”
    Listing 4.2. MATLAB Program “fig4_2.m”
    Listing 4.3. MATLAB Program “fig4_4.m”
    Listing 4.4. MATLAB Function “lfm_ambg.m”
    Listing 4.5. MATLAB Program “fig4_5.m”
    Listing 4.6. MATLAB Program “fig4_6.m”
    Listing 4.7. MATLAB Function “train_ambg.m”
    Listing 4.8. MATLAB Program “fig4_8.m”
    Listing 4.9. MATLAB Function “barker_ambig.m”
    Listing 4.10. MATLAB Function “prn_ambig.m”
    Listing 4.11. MATLAB Program “myradar_visit4.m”
    C3928_ch 05.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 5 Pulse Compression
    5.1. Time-Bandwidth Product
    5.2. Radar Equation with Pulse Compression
    5.3. LFM Pulse Compression
    5.3.1. Correlation Processor
    5.3.2. Stretch Processor
    5.3.3. Distortion Due to Target Velocity
    5.4. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 5
    5.4.1. Problem Statement
    5.4.2. A Design
    5.5. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 5.1. MATLAB Program “fig5_3.m”
    Listing 5.2. MATLAB Function “matched_filter.m”
    Listing 5.3. MATLAB Function “power_integer_2.m”
    Listing 5.4. MATLAB Function “stretch.m”
    Listing 5.5. MATLAB Program “fig5_14.m”
    C3928_ch 06.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 6 Surface and Volume Clutter
    6.1. Clutter Definition
    6.2. Surface Clutter
    6.2.1. Radar Equation for Area Clutter - Airborne Radar
    6.2.2. Radar Equation for Area Clutter - Ground Based Radar
    6.3. Volume Clutter
    6.3.1. Radar Equation for Volume Clutter
    6.4. Clutter Statistical Models
    6.5. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 6
    6.5.1. Problem Statement
    6.5.2. A Design
    6.6. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 6.1. MATALB Function “clutter_rcs.m”
    Listing 6.2. MATLAB Program “myradar_visit6.m”
    C3928_ch 07.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 7 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) and Clutter Mitigation
    7.1. Clutter Spectrum
    7.2. Moving Target Indicator (MTI)
    7.3. Single Delay Line Canceler
    7.4. Double Delay Line Canceler
    7.5. Delay Lines with Feedback (Recursive Filters)
    7.6. PRF Staggering
    7.7. MTI Improvement Factor
    7.7.1. Two-Pulse MTI Case
    7.7.2. The General Case
    7.8. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 7
    7.8.1. Problem Statement
    7.8.2. A Design
    7.9. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 7.1. MATLAB Function “single_canceler.m”
    Listing 7.2. MATLAB Function “double_canceler.m”
    Listing 7.3. MATLAB Program “fig7_9.m”
    Listing 7.4. MATLAB Program “fig7_10.m”
    Listing 7.5. MATLAB Program “fig7_11.m”
    Listing 7.6. MATLAB Program “myradar_visit7.m”
    C3928_ch 08.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 8 Phased Arrays
    8.1. Directivity, Power Gain, and Effective Aperture
    8.2. Near and Far Fields
    8.3. General Arrays
    8.4. Linear Arrays
    8.4.1. Array Tapering
    8.4.2. Computation of the Radiation Pattern via the DFT
    8.5. Planar Arrays
    8.6. Array Scan Loss
    8.7. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 8
    8.7.1. Problem Statement
    8.7.2. A Design
    8.8. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 8.1. MATLAB Program “fig8_5.m”
    Listing 8.2. MATLAB Program “fig8_7.m”
    Listing 8.3. MATLAB Function “linear_array.m”
    Listing 8.4. MATLAB Program “circular_array.m”
    Listing 8.5. MATLAB Function “rect_array.m”
    Listing 8.6. MATLAB Function “circ_array.m”
    Listing 8.7. MATLAB Function “rec_to_circ.m”
    Listing 8.8. MATLAB Program “fig8_52.m”
    C3928_ch 09.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 9 Target Tracking
    9.1. Angle Tracking
    9.1.1. Sequential Lobing
    9.1.2. Conical Scan
    9.2. Amplitude Comparison Monopulse
    9.3. Phase Comparison Monopulse
    9.4. Range Tracking
    9.5. Track-While-Scan (TWS)
    9.6. State Variable Representation of an LTI System
    9.7. The LTI System of Interest
    9.8. Fixed-Gain Tracking Filters
    9.9. The Kalman Filter
    9.9.1. The Singer -Kalman Filter
    9.9.2. Relationship between Kalman and Filters
    9.10. “MyRadar” Design Case Study - Visit 9
    9.10.1. Problem Statement
    9.10.2. A Design
    9.11. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 9.1. MATLAB Function “mono_pulse.m”
    Listing 9.2. MATLAB Function “ghk_tracker.m”
    Listing 9.3. MATLAB Program “fig9_21.m”
    Listing 9.4. MATLAB Function “kalman_filter.m”
    Listing 9.5. MATLAB Program “fig9_28.m”
    Listing 9.6. MATLAB Function “maketraj.m”
    Listing 9.7. MATLAB Function “addnoise.m”
    Listing 9.8. MATLAB Function “kalfilt.m”
    C3928_ch 10.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 10 Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)
    10.1. Introduction
    10.2. Jammers
    10.2.1. Self-Screening Jammers (SSJ)
    10.2.2. Stand-Off Jammers (SOJ)
    10.3. Range Reduction Factor
    10.4. Chaff
    10.4.1. Multiple MTI Chaff Mitigation Technique
    10.5. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 10.1. MATLAB Function “ssj_req.m”
    Listing 10.2. MATLAB Function “sir.m”
    Listing 10.3. MATLAB Function “burn_thru.m”
    Listing 10.4. MATLAB Function “soj_req.m”
    Listing 10.5. MATLAB Function “range_red_factor.m”
    Listing 10.6. MATLAB Program “fig10_8.m”
    C3928_ch 11.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 11 Radar Cross Section (RCS)
    11.1. RCS Definition
    11.2. RCS Prediction Methods
    11.3. Dependency on Aspect Angle and Frequency
    11.4. RCS Dependency on Polarization
    11.4.1. Polarization
    11.4.2. Target Scattering Matrix
    11.5. RCS of Simple Objects
    11.5.1. Sphere
    11.5.2. Ellipsoid
    11.5.3. Circular Flat Plate
    11.5.4. Truncated Cone (Frustum)
    11.5.5. Cylinder
    11.5.6. Rectangular Flat Plate
    11.5.7. Triangular Flat Plate
    11.6. Scattering From a Dielectric-Capped Wedge
    11.6.1. Far Scattered Field
    11.6.2. Plane Wave Excitation
    11.6.3. Special Cases
    11.7. RCS of Complex Objects
    11.8. RCS Fluctuations and Statistical Models
    11.8.1. RCS Statistical Models - Scintillation Models
    11.9. MATLAB Program and Function Listings
    Listing 11.1. MATLAB Function “rcs_aspect.m”
    Listing 11.2. MATLAB Function “rcs_frequency.m”
    Listing 11.3. MATLAB Program “example11_1.m”
    Listing 11.4. MATLAB Program “rcs_sphere.m”
    Listing 11.5. MATLAB Function “rcs_ellipsoid.m”
    Listing 11.6. MATLAB Program “fig11_18a.m”
    Listing 11.7. MATLAB Function “rcs_circ_plate.m”
    Listing 11.8. MATLAB Function “rcs_frustum.m”
    Listing 11.9. MATLAB Function “rcs_cylinder.m”
    Listing 11.10. MATLAB Function “rcs_rect_plate.m”
    Listing 11.11. MATLAB Function “rcs_isosceles.m”
    Listing 11.12. MATLAB Program “Capped_WedgeTM.m”
    Listing 11.13. MATLAB Function "DielCappedWedgeTMFields_Ls.m"
    Listing 11.14. MATLAB Function "DielCappedWedgeTMFields_PW.m"
    Listing 11.15. MATLAB Function "polardb.m"
    Listing 11.16. MATLAB Function "dbesselj.m"
    Listing 11.17. MATLAB Function "dbessely.m"
    Listing 11.18. MATLAB Function "dbesselh.m"
    Listing 11.19. MATLAB Program “rcs_cylinder_complex.m”
    Listing 11.20. MATLAB Program “Swerling_models.m”
    C3928_ch 12.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 12 High Resolution Tactical Synthetic Aperture Radar (TSAR)
    12.1. Introduction
    12.2. Side Looking SAR Geometry
    12.3. SAR Design Considerations
    12.4. SAR Radar Equation
    12.5. SAR Signal Processing
    12.6. Side Looking SAR Doppler Processing
    12.7. SAR Imaging Using Doppler Processing
    12.8. Range Walk
    12.9. A Three-Dimensional SAR Imaging Technique
    12.9.1. Background
    12.9.2. DFTSQM Operation and Signal Processing
    12.9.3. Geometry for DFTSQM SAR Imaging
    12.9.4. Slant Range Equation
    12.9.5. Signal Synthesis
    12.9.6. Electronic Processing
    12.9.7. Derivation of Eq. (12.71)
    12.9.8. Non-Zero Taylor Series Coefficients for the kth Range Cell
    12.10. MATLAB Programs and Functions
    Listing 12.1. MATLAB Program “fig12_12-13.m”
    C3928_ch 13.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 13 Signal Processing
    13.1. Signal and System Classifications
    13.2. The Fourier Transform
    13.3. The Fourier Series
    13.4. Convolution and Correlation Integrals
    13.5. Energy and Power Spectrum Densities
    13.6. Random Variables
    13.7. Multivariate Gaussian Distribution
    13.8. Random Processes
    13.9. Sampling Theorem
    13.10. The Z-Transform
    13.11. The Discrete Fourier Transform
    13.12. Discrete Power Spectrum
    13.13. Windowing Techniques
    13.14. MATLAB Programs
    Appendix 13A Fourier Transform Table
    Appendix 13B Some Common Probability Densities
    Appendix 13C Z - Transform Table
    C3928_ch 14.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Chapter 14 MATLAB Program and Function Name List
    Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar Basics
    Chapter 2: Radar Detection
    Chapter 3: Radar Waveforms
    Chapter 4: The Radar Ambiguity Function
    Chapter 5: Pulse Compression
    Chapter 6: Surface and Volume Clutter
    Chapter 7: Moving Target Indicator (MTI) - Clutter Mitigation
    Chapter 8: Phased Arrays
    Chapter 9: Target Tracking
    Chapter 10: Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)
    Chapter 11: Radar Cross Section (RCS)
    Chapter 12: High Resolution Tactical Synthetic Aperture Radar (TSAR)
    Chapter 13: Signal Processing
    C3928_bib.pdf
    MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design
    Contents
    Bibliography
    Simulations for Radar Systems Design Bassem R. Mahafza, Ph.D. Decibel Research, Inc. Huntsville, Alabama Atef Z. Elsherbeni Professor Electrical Engineering Department The University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    C3928_disclaimer Page 1 Wednesday, November 5, 2003 1:36 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mahafza, Bassem R. MATLAB simulations for radar systems design / Bassem R. Mahafza, Atef Z. Elsherbeni p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58488-392-8 (alk. paper) 1. Radar–Computer simulation. 2. Radar–Equipment and supplies–Design and construction–Data processing. 3. MATLAB. I. Elsherbeni, Atef Z. II. Title TK6585.M34 2003 621.3848 13—dc22 ′ ′ 01 2003065397 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-58488-392-8 Library of Congress Catalog Number 2003065397 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    To: My wife and four sons; Wayne and Shirley; and in the memory of my parents Bassem R. Mahafza To: My wife and children; my mother; and in the memory of my father Atef Z. Elsherbeni © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    Preface The emphasis of MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design is on radar systems design. However, a strong presentation of the theory is provided so that the reader will be equipped with the necessary background to perform radar systems analysis. The organization of this book is intended to teach a conceptual design process of radars and related trade-off analysis and calcula- tions. It is intended to serve as an engineering reference for radar engineers working in the field of radar systems. The MATLABfi1 code provided in this book is designed to provide the user with hands-on experience in radar sys- tems, analysis and design. A radar design case study is introduced in Chapter 1 and carried throughout the text, where the authors view of how to design this radar is detailed and analyzed. Trade off analyses and calculations are performed. Additionally, sev- eral mini design case studies are scattered throughout the book. MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design is divided into two parts: Part I provides a comprehensive description of radar systems, analyses and design. A design case study, which is carried throughout the text, is introduced in Chapter 1. In each chapter the authors view of how to design the case-study radar is presented based on the theory covered up to that point in the book. As the material coverage progresses through the book, and new theory is dis- cussed, the design case-study requirements are changed and/or updated, and of course the design level of complexity is also increased. This design process is supported by a comprehensive set of MATLAB 6 simulations developed for this purpose. This part will serve as a valuable tool to students and radar engi- neers in helping them understand radar systems, design process. This includes 1) learning how to go about selecting different radar parameters to meet the design requirements; 2) performing detailed trade-off analysis in the context of radar sizing, modes of operations, frequency selection, waveforms and signal processing; 3) establishing and developing loss and error budgets associated with the design; and 4) generating an in-depth understanding of radar opera- tions and design philosophy. Additionally, Part I includes several mini design case studies pertinent to different chapters in order to help enhance understand- ing of radar design in the context of the material presented in different chap- ters. Part II includes few chapters that cover specialized radar topics, some of which is authored and/or coauthored by other experts in the field. The material 1. MATLAB is a registered trademark of the The MathWorks, Inc. For product infor- mation, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA. Web: www.mathworks.com. © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    included in Part II is intended to further enhance the understanding of radar system analysis by providing detailed and comprehensive coverage of these radar related topics. For this purpose, MATLAB 6 code has also been devel- oped and made available. All MATLAB programs and functions provided in this book can be down- loaded from the CRC Press Web site (www.crcpress.com). For this purpose, follow this procedure: 1) from your Web browser type http://www.crc- press.com, 2) click on Electronic Products, 3) click on Download & Updates, and finally 4) follow instructions of how to download a certain set of code off that Web page. Furthermore, this MATLAB code can also be down- loaded from The MathWorks Web site by following these steps: 1) from your Web browser type: http://mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/, 2) place the curser on Companion Software for Books and click on Communi- cations. The MATLAB functions and programs developed in this book include all forms of the radar equation: pulse compression, stretch processing, matched filter, probability of detection calculations with all Swerling models, High Range Resolution (HRR), stepped frequency waveform analysis, ghk tracking filter, Kalman filter, phased array antennas, clutter calculations, radar ambiguity functions, ECM, chaff, and many more. Chapter 1 describes the most common terms used in radar systems, such as range, range resolution, and Doppler frequency. This chapter develops the radar range equation. Finally, a radar design case study entitled MyRadar Design Case Study is introduced. Chapter 2 is intended to provide an over- view of the radar probability of detection calculations and related topics. Detection of fluctuating targets including Swerling I, II, III, and IV models is presented and analyzed. Coherent and non-coherent integration are also intro- duced. Cumulative probability of detection analysis is in this chapter. Visit 2 of the design case study MyRadar is introduced. Chapter 3 reviews radar waveforms, including CW, pulsed, and LFM. High Range Resolution (HRR) waveforms and stepped frequency waveforms are also analyzed. The concept of the Matched Filter (MF) is introduced and ana- lyzed. Chapter 4 presents in detail the principles associated with the radar ambiguity function. This includes the ambiguity function for single pulse, Lin- ear Frequency Modulated pulses, train of unmodulated pulses, Barker codes, and PRN codes. Pulse compression is introduced in Chapter 5. Both the MF and the stretch processors are analyzed. Chapter 6 contains treatment of the concepts of clutter. This includes both surface and volume clutter. Chapter 7 presents clutter mitigation using Moving Target Indicator (MTI). Delay line cancelers implementation to mitigate the effects of clutter is analyzed. Chapter 8 presents detailed analysis of Phased Arrays. Linear arrays are investigated and detailed and MATLAB code is developed to calculate and plot © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    the associated array patterns. Planar arrays, with various grid configurations, are also presented. Chapter 9 discusses target tracking radar systems. The first part of this chap- ter covers the subject of single target tracking. Topics such as sequential lob- ing, conical scan, monopulse, and range tracking are discussed in detail. The second part of this chapter introduces multiple target tracking techniques. Fixed gain tracking filters such as the filters are presented in detail. The concept of the Kalman filter is introduced. Special cases of the Kal- man filter are analyzed in depth. and the αβ αβγ Chapter 10 is coauthored with Mr. J. Michael Madewell from the US Army Space and Missile Defense Command, in Huntsville, Alabama. This chapter presents an overview of Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) techniques. Top- ics such as self screening and stand off jammers are presented. Radar chaff is also analyzed and a chaff mitigation technique for Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) is introduced. Chapter 11 is concerned with the Radar Cross Section (RCS). RCS depen- dency on aspect angle, frequency, and polarization is discussed. The target scattering matrix is developed. RCS formulas for many simple objects are pre- sented. Complex object RCS is discussed, and target fluctuation models are introduced. Chapter 12 is coauthored with Dr. Brian Smith from the US Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM), Redstone Arsenal in Alabama. This chapter presents the topic of Tactical Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The topics of this chapter include: SAR signal processing, SAR design consid- erations, and the SAR radar equation. Finally Chapter 13 presents an overview of signal processing. Using the material presented in this book and the MATLAB code designed by the authors by any entity or person is strictly at will. The authors and the publisher are neither liable nor responsible for any material or non-material losses, loss of wages, personal or property damages of any kind, or for any other type of damages of any and all types that may be incurred by using this book. Bassem R. Mahafza Huntsville, Alabama July, 2003 Atef Z. Elsherbeni Oxford, Mississippi July, 2003 © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    Acknowledgment The authors first would like to thank God for giving us the endurance and perseverance to complete this work. Many thanks are due to our families who have given up and sacrificed many hours in order to allow us to complete this book. The authors would like to also thank all of our colleagues and friends for their support during the preparation of this book. Special thanks are due to Brian Smith, James Michael Madewell, Patrick Barker, David Hall, Mohamed Al-Sharkawy, and Matthew Inman who have coauthored and/or reviewed some of the material in this reference book. © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
    Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgment PART I Chapter 1 Introduction to Radar Basics 1.1. Radar Classifications 1.2. Range 1.3. Range Resolution 1.4. Doppler Frequency 1.5. The Radar Equation 1.5.1. Radar Reference Range 1.6. Search (Surveillance) 1.6.1. Mini Design Case Study 1.1 1.7. Pulse Integration 1.7.1. Coherent Integration 1.7.2. Non-Coherent Integration 1.7.3. Detection Range with Pulse Integration 1.7.4. Mini Design Case Study 1.2 1.8. Radar Losses 1.8.1. Transmit and Receive Losses 1.8.2. Antenna Pattern Loss and Scan Loss 1.8.3. Atmospheric Loss 1.8.4. Collapsing Loss 1.8.5. Processing Losses 1.8.6. Other Losses 1.9. MyRadar Design Case Study - Visit 1 © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CRC Press LLC
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