x86汇编语言-从实模式到保护模式(文字版).pdf

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x86 汇编语言从实模式到保护模式李忠王晓波余洁著 Publishing House of Electronics Industry BEIJING

x86 汇编语言：从实模式到保护模式内容简介每一种处理器都有它自己的机器指令集，而汇编语言的发明则是为了方便这些机器指令的记忆和书写。尽管汇编语言已经较少用于大型软件程序的开发，但从学习者的角度来看，要想真正理解计算机的工作原理，掌握它内部的运行机制，学习汇编语言是必不可少的。这套图书分为两册，采用开源的 NASM 汇编语言编译器和 VirtualBox 虚拟机软件，以个人计算机广泛采用的 Intel 处理器为基础，详细讲解了 Intel 处理器的指令系统和工作模式，以大量的代码演示了 16／32／64 位软件的开发方法。上册集中介绍处理器的 16 位实模式和 32 位保护模式，以及基本的指令系统；下册侧重于介绍 64 位工作模式、多处理器管理、高速缓存控制、温度和电源管理、高级可编程中断控制器、多媒体支持等。这是一本有趣的书，它没有把篇幅花在计算一些枯燥的数学题上。相反，它教你如何直接控制硬件，在不借助于 BIOS、DOS、Windows、Linux 或者任何其他软件支持的情况下来显示字符、读取硬盘数据、控制其他硬件等。本书可作为大专院校相关专业学生和计算机编程爱好者的教程。未经许可，不得以任何方式复制或抄袭本书之部分或全部内容。版权所有，侵权必究。图书在版编目（CIP）数据／主编. —北京: 电子工业出版社，2012.9 ISBN 978-7-121-0-0 Ⅰ. ①汇… Ⅱ. ①… Ⅲ. ① Ⅳ. ① 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2012）第号责任编辑：董亚峰印刷：订：装出版发行：电子工业出版社北京市海淀区万寿路 173 信箱邮编 100036 开本：787×1 092 1/16 印张：字数：千字印次：2012 年 9 月第 1 次印刷定价：00.00 元凡所购买电子工业出版社图书有缺损问题，请向购买书店调换。若书店售缺，请与本社发行部联系，联系及邮购电话：（010）88254888。质量投诉请发邮件至 zlts@phei.com.cn，盗版侵权举报请发邮件至 dbqq@phei.com.cn。服务热线：（010）88258888。 4

第 1 章十六进制计数法前言尽管汇编语言也是一种计算机语言，但却是与众不同的，与它的同类们格格不入。一方面，处理器的工作是执行指令，用它所做的一切都是执行指令并获得结果；另一方面，汇编语言为每一种指令提供了简单好记、易于书写的符号化表示形式。一直以来，人们对于汇编语言的认识和评价可以分为两种，一种是觉得它非常简单，另一种是觉得它学习起来非常困难。你认为我会赞同哪一种？说汇编语言难学，这没有道理。学习任何一门计算机语言，都需要一些数制和数制转换的知识，也需要大体上懂得计算机是怎么运作的。在这个前提下，汇编语言是最贴近硬件实体的，也是最自然和最朴素的。最朴素的东西反而最难掌握，这实在说不过去。因此，原因很可能出在我们的教科书上，那些一上来就搞一大堆寻址方式的书，往往以最快的速度打败了本来激情高昂的初学者。但是，说汇编语言好学，也同样有些荒谬。据我的观察，很多人掌握了若干计算机指令，会编写一个从键盘输入数据，然后进行加减乘除或者归类排序的程序后，就认为自己掌握了汇编语言。还有，直到现在，我还经常在网上看到学生们使用 DOS 中断编写程序，他们讨论的也大多是实模式，而非 32 位或者 64 位保护模式。他们知道如何编译源程序，也知道在命令行输入文件名，程序就能运行了，使用一个中断，就能显示字符。至于这期间发生了什么，程序是如何加载到内存中的，又是怎么重定位的，似乎从来不关汇编语言的事。这样做的结果，就是让人以为汇编语言不过如此，没有大用，而且非常枯燥。很难说我已经掌握了汇编语言的要义。但至少我知道，尽管汇编语言不适合用来编写大型程序，但它对于理解计算机原理很有帮助，特别是处理器的工作原理和运行机制。就算是为了这个目的，也应该让汇编语言回归它的本位，那就是访问和控制硬件（包括处理器），而不仅仅是编写程序，输入几个数字，找出正数有几个、负数有几个，大于 30 的有几个。事实上，汇编语言对学习和理解高级语言，比如 C 语言，也有极大的帮助。老教授琢磨了好几天，终于想到一个好的比喻来帮助学生理解什么是指针，实际上，这对于懂得汇编语言的学生来说，根本就不算个事儿，并因此能够使老教授省下时间来喝茶。对于一个国家来说，不能没有人来研究基础学科，尽管它们不能直接产生效益；而对于一个人来说，也不能没有常识。尽管常识不能直接挣钱吃饭，但它影响谈吐，影响你的判断力和决断力，决定着你接受新事物和新知识的程度。相应地，汇编语言就是计算机语言里的常识和基础。这是继《穿越计算机的迷雾》之后，我写的第二本书。这本书与上本书有两点不同，第一，上一本花了 4 年才完成，而这本只用了一年，速度之快，令我自己咂舌；第二，上本书属于科普性质，漫谈计算机原理，这本书就相对专业了。那些还想把我的书当小说看的人，这回要失望了。很多人可能会问我，为什么要写这样一本书。我只能说，我第一次学汇编的经历实在是太深刻了。我第一次学汇编语言是在 1993 年，手中的教材不能说不好，但学习起来实在很吃力。要知道，在那个年代，没有网络，要买到好书，还得到大武汉。就这样，我抱着两本书，反反复复地看，直到半年之后才懂得汇编语言是个什么东西。后来，虽然有心写一本汇编语言的书，一本不一样的汇编语言书，但始终没有时间和精力。时间过得真快，转眼 20 年过去了。猛回头，我发现同学们依然在走我的老路，他们所用 5

x86 汇编语言：从实模式到保护模式的教材，都还是我那个年代的，至少区别不大，都还在讲 8086 处理器的实模式。保护模式是从哪个处理器开始引入的？当然是 80286。它是哪个年代的产品？1982 年！可是，直到现在，市面上也找不到太多能够把保护模式讲得比较清楚的图书。也许我应该做点什么。不，事实上，我已经做了，那就是你手中的这本图书。王晓波和湖北经济学院的余洁共同参与了本书的创作。在计划写这本书的时候，我就给自己画了几条线。首先不能走老路，一上来就讲指令、寻址方式，采用任务驱动方式来写，每一章都要做点事情，最好是比较有趣，足够引起读者的事情。在解决问题的过程中，引入一个个的指令，并进行讲解。一句话，我希望是润物细无声式的。其次，汇编语言和硬件并举，完全抛弃 BIOS 中断和 DOS 中断，直接访问硬件，发挥汇编语言的长处。这样，读者才会深刻体会到汇编的妙处。这套图书主要讲述 16 位实模式、32 位保护模式和 Intel-64 架构。引入虚拟 8086 模式是为了兼容传统的 8086 程序，现在看来已经完全过时，不再进行讲述。至于增强的 32 位模式 IA-32e，读者可以在读完这本书之后自学，也予以省略。书中配套的程序清单和源代码以及可能用到的程序软件，感兴趣的读者可到电子工业出版社华信教育资源网下载（待定）。本书原来有 18 章，后来，考虑到实模式的内容过多，而去掉了一章。这一章的标题是《聆听数字的声音》，讲述如何通过直接访问和控制 Sound Blaster 16 声卡来播放声音，对此感兴趣的朋友可以在配书光盘中找到它。特别感谢长春电视台的王志强台长和台长助理周武军，上本书《穿越计算机的迷雾》出版后，台长王志强亲自过问出版情况，并给予我特别的奖励，希望大家同样能从这本书中读到他们对我的关怀和鼓励；同时也要感谢我的母亲、我爱人和我的女儿，她们是我的精神支柱。好友王南洋、桑国伟、刘维钊、蒋胜友、邱海龙、万利等负责了本书的一部分校对工作；好友周卫平帮我验证配书代码是否能够在他的机器上正常工作；如果想调试本书中的程序，可以使用 bochs 软件，它的视频教程是由王南洋制作的，在这里向他们表示感谢。在阅读本书的过程中，如果有任何问题，可以按以下电子邮件地址给我写信：leechung@126.com；或者进入我的博客参与讨论。博客地址是 http://blog.163.com/leechung@126 6

第 1 章十六进制计数法目录第 1 部分预备知识第 1 章十六进制计数法 ··························································································· 3 1.1 二进制计数法回顾 ·················································································· 3 1.1.1 关于二进制计数法 ··········································································· 3 1.1.2 二进制到十进制的转换 ····································································· 3 1.1.3 十进制到二进制的转换 ····································································· 4 1.2 十六进制计数法 ····················································································· 4 1.2.1 十六进制计数法的原理 ····································································· 4 1.2.2 十六进制到十进制的转换 ·································································· 5 1.2.3 十进制到十六进制的转换 ·································································· 6 1.3 为什么需要十六进制 ··············································································· 6 本章习题 ···································································································· 7 第 2 章处理器、内存和指令 ···················································································· 8 2.1 最早的处理器 ························································································ 8 2.2 寄存器和算术逻辑部件 ············································································ 8 2.3 内存储器···························································································· 10 2.4 指令和指令集 ······················································································ 11 2.5 古老的 Intel 8086 处理器 ········································································ 13 2.5.1 8086 的通用寄存器 ········································································· 13 2.5.2 程序的重定位难题 ········································································· 14 2.5.3 内存分段机制 ··············································································· 17 2.5.4 8086 的内存分段机制 ······································································ 18 本章习题 ·································································································· 21 第 3 章汇编语言和汇编软件 ···················································································22 3.1 汇编语言简介 ······················································································ 22 3.2 NASM 编译器 ····················································································· 24 3.2.1 从网上下载 NASM 安装程序 ···························································· 24 3.2.2 安装 NASM 编译器 ········································································ 25 3.2.3 下载配书源码和工具 ······································································ 26 3.2.4 用 Nasmide 体验代码的书写和编译过程 ·············································· 28 3.2.5 用 HexView 观察编译后的机器代码 ···················································· 29 本章习题 ·································································································· 30 7

x86 汇编语言：从实模式到保护模式第 4 章虚拟机的安装和使用 ········································································· 31 4.1 计算机的启动过程 ················································································ 31 4.1.1 如何将编译好的程序提交给处理器 ···················································· 31 4.1.2 计算机的加电和复位 ······································································ 31 4.1.3 基本输入输出系统 ········································································· 32 4.1.4 硬盘及其工作原理 ········································································· 33 4.1.5 一切从主引导扇区开始 ··································································· 35 4.2 创建和使用虚拟机 ················································································ 35 4.2.1 别害怕，虚拟机是软件 ··································································· 35 4.2.2 下载 Oracle VM VirtualBox ······························································· 36 4.2.3 安装 Oracle VM VirtualBox ······························································· 36 4.2.4 创建一台虚拟 PC ··········································································· 37 4.2.5 虚拟硬盘简介 ··············································································· 42 4.2.6 练习使用 FixVhdWr 工具向虚拟硬盘写数据 ········································· 43 第 2 部分 16 位处理器下的实模式第 5 章编写主引导扇区代码 ···················································································49 5.1 欢迎来到主引导扇区 ············································································· 49 5.2 注释 ································································································· 49 5.3 在屏幕上显示文字 ················································································ 50 5.3.1 显卡和显存 ·················································································· 50 5.3.2 初始化段寄存器 ············································································ 52 5.3.3 显存的访问和 ASCII 代码 ································································ 53 5.3.4 显示字符 ····················································································· 55 5.4 显示标号的汇编地址 ············································································· 56 5.4.1 标号 ··························································································· 56 5.4.2 如何显示十进制数字 ······································································ 60 5.4.3 在程序中声明并初始化数据 ····························································· 61 5.4.4 分解数的各个数位 ········································································· 61 5.4.5 显示分解出来的各个数位 ································································ 65 5.5 使程序进入无限循环状态 ······································································· 66 5.6 完成并编译主引导扇区代码 ···································································· 67 5.6.1 主引导扇区有效标志 ······································································ 67 5.6.2 代码的保存和编译 ········································································· 68 5.7 加载和运行主引导扇区代码 ···································································· 68 5.7.1 把编译后的指令写入主引导扇区 ······················································· 68 5.7.2 启动虚拟机观察运行结果 ································································ 70 5.7.3 程序的调试 ·················································································· 70 8

第 1 章十六进制计数法本章习题 ·································································································· 71 第 6 章相同的功能，不同的代码 ············································································· 72 6.1 代码清单 6-1 ······················································································· 72 6.2 跳过非指令的数据区 ············································································· 72 6.3 在数据声明中使用字面值 ······································································· 72 6.4 段地址的初始化 ··················································································· 73 6.5 段之间的批量数据传送 ·········································································· 74 6.6 使用循环分解数位 ················································································ 75 6.7 计算机中的负数 ··················································································· 76 6.7.1 无符号数和有符号数 ······································································ 76 6.7.2 处理器视角中的数据类型 ································································ 80 6.8 数位的显示 ························································································· 82 6.9 其他标志位和条件转移指令 ···································································· 83 6.9.1 奇偶标志位 PF ·············································································· 83 6.9.2 进位标志 CF ················································································· 83 6.9.3 溢出标志 OF ················································································· 84 6.9.4 现有指令对标志位的影响 ································································ 84 6.9.5 条件转移指令 ··············································································· 85 6.10 NASM 编译器的$和$$标记 ··································································· 87 6.11 观察运行结果 ···················································································· 87 本章习题 ·································································································· 88 第 7 章比高斯更快的计算 ·······················································································89 7.1 从 1 加到 100 的故事 ············································································· 89 7.2 代码清单 7-1 ······················································································· 89 7.3 显示字符串 ························································································· 89 7.4 计算 1 到 100 的累加和 ·········································································· 90 7.5 累加和各个数位的分解与显示 ································································· 90 7.5.1 堆栈和堆栈段的初始化 ··································································· 90 7.5.2 分解各个数位并压栈 ······································································ 92 7.5.3 出栈并显示各个数位 ······································································ 94 7.5.4 进一步认识堆栈 ············································································ 95 7.6 程序的编译和运行 ················································································ 96 7.7 8086 处理器的寻址方式 ········································································· 96 7.7.1 寄存器寻址 ·················································································· 96 7.7.2 立即寻址 ····················································································· 97 7.7.3 内存寻址 ····················································································· 97 本章习题 ································································································· 101 9

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