C++ Primer Plus (5th Edition)(英文原版).pdf

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C++ Primer Plus, Fifth Edition

CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU!

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 GETTING STARTED

Learning C++: What Lies Before You

The Origins of C++: A Little History

Portability and Standards

The Mechanics of Creating a Program

Summary

CHAPTER 2 SETTING OUT TO C++

C++ Initiation

C++ Statements

More C++ Statements

Functions

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 3 DEALING WITH DATA

Simple Variables

The const Qualifier

Floating-Point Numbers

C++ Arithmetic Operators

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 4 COMPOUND TYPES

Introducing Arrays

Strings

Introducing the string Class

Introducing Structures

Unions

Enumerations

Pointers and the Free Store

Pointers, Arrays, and Pointer Arithmetic

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 5 LOOPS AND RELATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Introducing for Loops

Relational Expressions

The while Loop

The do while Loop

Loops and Text Input

Nested Loops and Two-Dimensional Arrays

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 6 BRANCHING STATEMENTS AND LOGICAL OPERATORS

The if Statement

Logical Expressions

The cctype Library of Character Functions

The ?: Operator

The switch Statement

The break and continue Statements

Number-Reading Loops

Simple File Input/Output

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 7 FUNCTIONS: C++’S PROGRAMMING MODULES

Function Review

Function Arguments and Passing by Value

Functions and Arrays

Functions and Two-Dimensional Arrays

Functions and C-Style Strings

Functions and Structures

Functions and string Class Objects

Recursion

Pointers to Functions

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 8 ADVENTURES IN FUNCTIONS

C++ Inline Functions

Reference Variables

Default Arguments

Function Overloading

Function Templates

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 9 MEMORY MODELS AND NAMESPACES

Separate Compilation

Storage Duration, Scope, and Linkage

The Placement new Operator

Namespaces

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 10 OBJECTS AND CLASSES

Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming

Abstraction and Classes

Class Constructors and Destructors

Knowing Your Objects: The this Pointer

An Array of Objects

The Interface and Implementation Revisited

Class Scope

Abstract Data Types

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 11 WORKING WITH CLASSES

Operator Overloading

Time on Our Hands: Developing an Operator Overloading Example

Introducing Friends

Overloaded Operators: Member Versus Nonmember Functions

More Overloading: A Vector Class

Automatic Conversions and Type Casts for Classes

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 12 CLASSES AND DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

Dynamic Memory and Classes

A Queue Simulation

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 13 CLASS INHERITANCE

Beginning with a Simple Base Class

Inheritance: An Is-a Relationship

Polymorphic Public Inheritance

Access Control: protected

Abstract Base Classes

Inheritance and Dynamic Memory Allocation

Class Design Review

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 14 REUSING CODE IN C++

Classes with Object Members

Private Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Class Templates

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 15 FRIENDS, EXCEPTIONS, AND MORE

Friends

Nested Classes

Exceptions

RTTI

Type Cast Operators

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 16 THE string CLASS AND THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY

The string Class

The auto_ptr Class

The STL

Generic Programming

Function Objects (aka Functors)

Algorithms

Other Libraries

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 17 INPUT, OUTPUT, AND FILES

An Overview of C++ Input and Output

Output with cout

Input with cin

File Input and Output

Incore Formatting

What Now?

Summary

Review Questions

Programming Exercises

APPENDIX A NUMBER BASES

Decimal Numbers (Base 10)

Octal Integers (Base 8)

Hexadecimal Numbers (Base 16)

Binary Numbers (Base 2)

Binary and Hex

APPENDIX B C++ RESERVED WORDS

C++ Keywords

Alternative Tokens

C++ Library Reserved Names

APPENDIX C THE ASCII CHARACTER SET

APPENDIX D OPERATOR PRECEDENCE

APPENDIX E OTHER OPERATORS

Bitwise Operators

Member Dereferencing Operators

APPENDIX F THE string TEMPLATE CLASS

Thirteen Types and a Constant

Data Information, Constructors, and Odds and Ends

String Access

Basic Assignment

String Searching

Comparison Methods and Functions

String Modifiers

Output and Input

APPENDIX G THE STL METHODS AND FUNCTIONS

Members Common to All Containers

Additional Members for Vectors, Lists, and Deques

Additional Members for Sets and Maps

STL Functions

APPENDIX H SELECTED READINGS AND INTERNET RESOURCES

Selected Readings

Internet Resources

APPENDIX I CONVERTING TO ANSI/ISO STANDARD C++

Use Alternatives for Some Preprocessor Directives

Use Function Prototypes

Use Type Casts

Become Familiar with C++ Features

Use the New Header Organization

Use Namespaces

Use the autoptr Template

Use the string Class

Use the STL

APPENDIX J ANSWERS TO THE REVIEW QUESTIONS

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 2

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 3

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 4

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 5

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 6

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 7

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 8

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 9

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 10

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 11

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 12

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 13

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 14

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 15

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 16

Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 17

INDEX

C++ Primer Plus Fifth Edition Stephen Prata 800 East 96th St., Indianapolis, Indiana, 46240 USA

C++ Primer Plus Copyright © 2005 by Sams Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the infor- mation contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32697-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004095067 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: November, 2004 07 06 05 04 4 3 2 1 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this infor- mation. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Warning and Disclaimer ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Michael Stephens ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Loretta Yates DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Songlin Qiu MANAGING EDITOR Charlotte Clapp PROJECT EDITOR George E. Nedeff COPY EDITOR Kitty Jarrett INDEXER Erika Millen PROOFREADER Suzanne Thomas TECHNICAL EDITOR David Horvath PUBLISHING COORDINATOR Cindy Teeters MULTIMEDIA DEVELOPER Dan Scherf Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. BOOK DESIGNER Gary Adair Bulk Sales Sams Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales. For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact International Sales 1-317-428-3341 international@pearsontechgroup.com

CONTENTS AT A GLANCE I N T R O D U C T I O N 1 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Setting Out to C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Dealing with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Compound Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Loops and Relational Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Branching Statements and Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Functions: C++’s Programming Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Adventures in Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 CHAPTER 9 Memory Models and Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 CHAPTER 10 Objects and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445 CHAPTER 11 Working with Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 CHAPTER 12 Classes and Dynamic Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 CHAPTER 13 Class Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633 CHAPTER 14 Reusing Code in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701 Friends, Exceptions, and More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 The string Class and the Standard Template Library . . . . . . . . .857 CHAPTER 17 Input, Output, and Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .951 APPENDIX A Number Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1041 APPENDIX B C++ Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1047 APPENDIX C The ASCII Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1051 APPENDIX D Operator Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1057 APPENDIX E Other Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1063 APPENDIX F The string Template Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1075 APPENDIX G The STL Methods and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1095 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 16

APPENDIX H Selected Readings and Internet Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1129 APPENDIX I Converting to ANSI/ISO Standard C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1133 Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1141 APPENDIX J I N D E X 1165

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 CHAPTER 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Learning C++: What Lies Before You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 The Origins of C++: A Little History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 The C Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 C Programming Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 The C++ Shift: Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 C++ and Generic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 The Genesis of C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Portability and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 The Mechanics of Creating a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Creating the Source Code File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Compilation and Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 CHAPTER 2: Setting Out to C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 C++ Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 The main() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 C++ Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 The C++ Preprocessor and the iostream File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Header Filenames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 C++ Output with cout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 C++ Source Code Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 C++ Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Declaration Statements and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Assignment Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 A New Trick for cout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 More C++ Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Using cin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Concatenating with cout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 cin and cout: A Touch of Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Using a Function That Has a Return Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Function Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Using a User-Defined Function That Has a Return Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Placing the using Directive in Multifunction Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

vi C++ PRIMER PLUS, FIFTH EDITION Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 CHAPTER 3: Dealing with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Simple Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Names for Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Integer Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 The short, int, and long Integer Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Unsigned Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Choosing an Integer Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Integer Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 How C++ Decides What Type a Constant Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 The char Type: Characters and Small Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 The bool Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 The const Qualifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Floating-Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Writing Floating-Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Floating-Point Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Floating-Point Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating-Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 C++ Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Order of Operation: Operator Precedence and Associativity . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Division Diversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 The Modulus Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 CHAPTER 4: Compound Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Introducing Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Program Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Initialization Rules for Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Concatenating String Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Using Strings in an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Adventures in String Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Reading String Input a Line at a Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Mixing String and Numeric Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

CONTENTS vii Introducing the string Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Assignment, Concatenation, and Appending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 More string Class Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 More on string Class I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Introducing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Using a Structure in a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Can a Structure Use a string Class Member? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Other Structure Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Arrays of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Bit Fields in Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Enumerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Setting Enumerator Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Value Ranges for Enumerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Pointers and the Free Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Declaring and Initializing Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Pointer Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Pointers and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Allocating Memory with new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Freeing Memory with delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Using new to Create Dynamic Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Pointers, Arrays, and Pointer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Program Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Pointers and Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Using new to Create Dynamic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Automatic Storage, Static Storage, and Dynamic Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 CHAPTER 5: Loops and Relational Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Introducing for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 for Loop Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Back to the for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Changing the Step Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Inside Strings with the for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 The Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Side Effects and Sequence Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Prefixing Versus Postfixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 The Increment/Decrement Operators and Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Combination Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

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