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Using and Managing PPP.pdf

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    Using and Managing PPP Andrew Sun Page iii Page iv Using and Managing PPP by Andrew Sun Copyright © 1999 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Mary Anne Weeks Mayo Production Services: Nancy Crumpton Printing History: March 1999: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. The association between the image of a turtle and the topic of using and managing PPP is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of
    the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper with 85% recycled content, 15% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent with high quality. ISBN: 1-56592-321-9 [7/99]break Table of Contents Preface 1. What Is PPP? Early Remote Access and Networking Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Open Systems Interconnect Model What You Need to Know 2. Serial Interfaces and Modems Serial Interfacing Modems 3. How PPP Works PPP Frame Format PPP Connection States Page v ix 1 1 4 5 6 8 10 10 21 29 30 35
    PPP Connection States Link Control Protocol Authentication in PPP Network Control Protocol Internet Protocol Control Protocol Compressed Datagram What PPP Doesn't Provide 4. TCP/IP The Internet Protocol Van Jacobson Compression IP Addresses Media Access Control Addresses Routing 5. Selecting Hardware, Software, and Services Selecting Serial Connections PPP Hardware PPP Software 6. Dial-out PPP Setup PPP Sign-on Procedures General PPP Setup Steps Linux PPP-2.3 Solaris PPP Page vi 35 37 48 53 54 58 59 60 61 66 69 75 78 84 84 88 94 103 104 106 107 117
    Solaris PPP Windows 3.1 Windows 98 (and 95) Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 7. Dial-in PPP Setup Dial-in PPP Architecture for Internet Access Communication Servers Linux PPP-2.3 Solaris PPP Windows NT 4.0 Server 8. Network Architectures Incorporating PPP Choosing Network Architectures Proxy ARP Split Subnet Unnumbered PPP in a Subnet Multipoint PPP in a Subnet 9. Routing to PPP Connections Routing Entries Using Default Routes Using Subnet Routes Using Host-Specific Routes Dynamic Routing Protocols 117 128 128 143 155 156 158 165 172 178 190 190 193 197 201 204 209 213 213 218 220 223 226
    10. Domain Name System Domain Name System Hierarchy Using DNS DNS Records for PPP Setting up DNS Name Resolution DNS Servers 11. Customizing and Tuning PPP PPP Startup Options for Dial-in Servers PPP Startup Options for Dial-out Servers Adjustable LCP Options Authentication Policy Adjustable IPCP Options Setting IP Addresses Other Adjustable Settings 12. Authentication Password Authentication Protocol Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Microsoft CHAP Authenticating outside PPP Call Back Security Tokens 13 Private Networks Page vii 232 233 235 236 238 243 245 245 248 250 257 260 264 268 269 270 274 278 280 283 285 289
    13. Private Networks Private Network Setup Application Layer Proxies Network Address Translation 14. Virtual Private Networking and Tunneling Virtual Private Network Architectures Tunneling Protocols Redirecting Serial Input/Output Setting up Outgoing PPP Tunnels Setting up Incoming PPP Tunnels Routing with Tunnels Network Security 15. Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Approaches Trace and Activity Logs Checking the Serial Connection Checking Modems Chat Script Problems PPP Failures Checking TCP/IP 16. What's New for PPP? Communication Services 289 290 291 295 302 303 306 310 313 318 322 326 328 328 Page viii 329 330 343 348 354 371 383 384
    Communication Services Network Layer Protocols PPP Extensions Developments Relating to PPP Product Obsolescence A. PPP Assigned Numbers B. Serial Interface Emulation Index 384 387 388 394 396 397 410 421 Page ix Preface The Point-to-Point Protocol is a flexible and extensible communications protocol for use with many types of point-to-point connections. PPP is unquestionably the most widely used technology for connecting home computer users to the Internet. But it's not limited to connecting remote users with telephone lines. PPP is also suitable for connections that are part of the core infrastructure of the Internet and for private networks. PPP also supports different and mixed types of data networks, not just those that use Internet technologies. For the majority of the PPP end-user population, most major online service providers and Internet service providers (ISPs) supply sign-on software for personal computers. This software automatically sets up and configures dial-out PPP on behalf of users. Thus, users can achieve the Internet online experience and still choose to remain completely oblivious to PPP technology. But what about the network administrator? What if you're responsible for designing and implementating PPP communications? PPP is complex and depends on other serial communications and networking technologies to be useful. To set up PPP, you may have to sift through numerous reference materials about modems, serial interfaces, "how to" documents, frequently asked questions (FAQs), and incomplete PPP software manuals that raise more questions than answers. If you're in this situation, this book is for you. This book collects most of the knowledge areas necessary for using and managing PPP. This is a practical book, with specific examples for configuring PPP with common computer software products, the Internet, and the ubiquitous telephone service. More importantly, the book discusses both the hows and whys. This should give you the insight necessary to implement PPP with equipment and communications technologies that aren't explicitly covered here.break
    Page x Audience This book is primarily intended for system and network administrators responsible for implementing and managing PPP communications in their data network infrastructure. We assume you have an understanding of data networks, especially the Internet. We expect you're also familiar with computers and how to use them. Although we describe PPP with Microsoft Windows NT/95/98, the focus is on Linux and Unix for the more complex PPP configurations. Windows 95/98 just doesn't support more complex configurations. Windows NT does support just about any configuration imaginable but doesn't provide enough diagnostics to let you see what's happening "under the hood." Therefore, we used Linux and Unix to demonstrate these features for pedagogical reasons. Once you understand what's happening, you shouldn't have trouble with Windows NT. Thus, general familiarity with Unix system administration is a plus. The audience includes those PPP power users who access the Internet with Linux and other platforms not common to mass-market users. You're also a power user, like it or not, if you require a nontypical configuration. If you're in this category, consider yourself a system administrator. Chapter 6, Dial-out PPP Setup, is perhaps the most useful for you. This book is not intended for software developers, who should consult Internet standards for PPP implementation specifics. Organization There are sixteen chapters and two appendixes in this book. However, groups of chapters have special significance and purpose. These are: Overview of technologies important to PPP Chapters 1 through 4 include an overview of PPP and other critical technologies. In particular, information about the Open Systems Interconnect model, RS-232 serial interfacing, modems, and TCP/IP is included in these chapters. Setting up PPP Guidelines for selecting PPP products and supporting services, and details about setting up both dial-in and dial-out PPP are included in Chapters 5 through 7. Network architectures, routing, and name resolution The PPP setup chapters focus only on the PPP connection in a specific network architecture for common dial-in and dial-out. Chapters 8 through 10 discuss the role of PPP connections as part of a greater network architecture. Network architectures are particularly important when PPP connections arecontinue responsible for network-to-network communications, rather than user-to-network communications. Page xi
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