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PCI Express Technology Comprehensive Guide to Generations 1.x, 2.x and 3.0 “MindShare books are critical in the understanding of complex technical topics, such as PCI Express 3.0 architecture. Many of our customers and industry partners depend on these books for the success of their projects” Joe Mendolia - Vice President, LeCroy PCI EXPRESS TRAINING AT www.mindshare.com LIVE COURSES: Comprehensive PCI Express Fundamentals of PCI Express Intro to PCI Express eLEARNING COURSES: Comprehensive PCI Express Fundamentals of PCI Express Intro to PCI Express MindShare Technology Series PCI Express ® 3.0 is the latest generation of the popular peripheral interface found in virtually every PC, server, and industrial computer. Its high bandwidth, low latency, and cost-to-performance ratio make it a natural choice for many peripheral devices today. Each new generation of PCI Express adds more features, capabilities and bandwidth, which maintains its popularity as a device interconnect. MindShare’s books take the hard work out of deciphering the specs, and this one follows that tradition. MindShare's PCI Express Technology book provides a thorough description of the interface with numerous practical examples that illustrate the concepts. Written in a tutorial style, this book is ideal for anyone new to PCI Express. At the same time, its thorough coverage of the details makes it an essential resource for seasoned veterans. (QoS) Essential topics covered include: • PCI Express Origins • Configuration Space and Access Methods • Enumeration Process • Packet Types and Fields • Transaction Ordering • Traﬃc Classes, Virtual Channels and Arbitration • Flow Control • ACK/NAK Protocol • Logical PHY • Electrical PHY • Link Training and Initialization • Interrupt Delivery • Error Detection and Reporting • Power Management (for both software and hardware) • 2.0 and 2.1 Features , and Multi-Casting) • 3.0 Features • Considerations for High Speed Signaling (such as Equalization) (8b/10b, 128b/130b, Scrambling) (such as 5.0GT/s, TLP Hints (Legacy, MSI, MSI-X) (such as 8.0GT/s, and a new encoding scheme) Mike Jackson is a Senior Staﬀ Engineer with MindShare and has trained thousands of engineers around the world on the workings of PCI Express. Mike has developed materials and taught courses on such topics as PC Architecture, PCI, PCI-X, and SAS. Mike brings several years of design experience to MindShare, including both systems integration work and development of several ASIC designs. . 2 x a n d 3 0 . MindShare Technology Series PCI Express Technology For training, visit mindshare.com Comprehensive Guide to Generations 1.x, 2.x and 3.0 Mike Jackson, Ravi Budruk MindShare, Inc. i C o m p r e h e n s i v e G u d e t o G e n e r a t i o n s 1 x . , P C I E x p r e s s T e c h n o o g y l MindShare is a world-renowned training and publishing company that sets a high standard of excellence in training and enables high-tech companies to adopt, implement, and roll out cutting-edge technologies quickly and condently. We bring life to knowledge through a wide variety of exible learning methods and delivery options. MindShare now goes beyond the classroom to deliver engaging interactive eLearning, both in a virtual classroom and an online module format. Visit www.mindshare.com to learn more about our enthusiastic and experienced instructors, courses, eLearning, books and other training delivery options. Contact MindShare at training@mindshare.com or 1-800-633-1440 for training on PCI Express or any of our many other topics. $89.99 USA Mike Jackson MindShare, Inc. MindShare Press

PCIe 3.0.book Page i Sunday, September 2, 2012 11:25 AM PCI Express Technology Comprehensive Guide to Generations 1.x, 2.x, 3.0 MINDSHARE, INC. Mike Jackson Ravi Budruk Technical Edit by Joe Winkles and Don Anderson

Book Ad.fm Page 0 Wednesday, August 29, 2012 5:37 PM MindShare Live Training and Self-Paced Training Intel Ivy Bridge Processor Intel 64 (x86) Architecture Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) Computer Architecture Intel Architecture • • • • AMD Architecture • MD Opteron Processor (Bulldozer) • MD64 Architecture Firmware Technology • UEFI Architecture • BIOS Essentials ARM Architecture • ARM Architecture Graphics Architecture • Graphics Hardware Architecture Programming • • • OpenCL Programming X86 Architecture Programming X86 Assembly Language Basics Virtualization Technology • • PC Virtualization IO Virtualization PCI Express 3.0 SAS Architecture Serial ATA Architecture IO Buses • • USB 3.0 / 2.0 • xHCI for USB Storage Technology • • • NVMe Architecture Memory Technology • odern DRAM Architecture High Speed Design • High Speed Design • Surface-Mount Technology (SMT) • • EMI/EMC SMT Manufacturing SMT Testing Are your company’s technical training needs being addressed in the most effective manner? MindShare has over 25 years experience in conducting technical training on cutting‐edge technologies. We understand the challenges companies have when searching for quality, effective training which reduces the students’ time away from work and provides cost‐effective alternatives. MindShare offers many flexible solutions to meet those needs. Our courses are taught by highly‐skilled, enthusiastic, knowledgeable and experienced instructors. We bring life to knowledge through a wide variety of learn‐ ing methods and delivery options. MindShare offers numerous courses in a self‐paced training format (eLearning). We’ve taken our 25+ years of experience in the technical training industry and made that knowledge available to you at the click of a mouse. training@mindshare.com 1‐800‐633‐1440 www.mindshare.com

ARBOR The Ultimate Tool to View, Edit and Verify Configuration Settings of a Computer Apply Standard and Custom Rule Checks Decode Data from Live Systems Directly Edit Config, Memory and IO Space Everything Driven from Open Format XML mindshare.com | 800.633.1440 | training@mindshare.com Feature List • Scan config space for all PCI-visible functions in system • Run standard and custom rule checks to find errors and non-optimal settings • Write to any config space location, memory address or IO address • View standard and non-standard structures in a decoded format • Import raw scan data from other tools (e.g. lspci) to view in Arbor’s decoded format • Decode info included for standard PCI, PCI-X and PCI Express structures • Decode info included for some x86-based structures and device- specific registers • Create decode files for structures in config space, memory address space and IO space • Save system scans for viewing later or on other systems • All decode files and saved system scans are XML-based and open-format COMING SOON Decoded view of x86 structures (MSRs, ACPI, Paging, Virtualization, etc.) BY

ArborAdEnd.fm Page 1 Wednesday, August 29, 2012 8:52 PM The Ultimate Tool to View, Edit and Verify Configuration Settings of a Computer BY MindShare Arbor is a computer system debug, validation, analysis and learning tool that allows the user to read and write any memory, IO or configuration space address. The data from these address spaces can be viewed in a clean and informative style as well as checked for configuration errors and non-optimal settings. View Reference Info MindShare Arbor is an excellent reference tool to quickly look at standard PCI, PCI-X and PCIe structures. All the register and field definitions are up-to-date with the PCI Express 3.0. x86, ACPI and USB reference info will be coming soon as well. Decoding Standard and Custom Structures from a Live System MindShare Arbor can perform a scan of the system it is running on to record the config space from all PCI-visible functions and show it in a clean and intuitive decoded format. In addition to scanning PCI config space, MindShare Arbor can also be directed to read any memory address space and IO address space and display the collected data in the same decoded fashion. Run Rule Checks of Standard and Custom Structures In addition to capturing and displaying headers and capability structures from PCI config space, Arbor can also check the settings of each field for errors (e.g. violates the spec) and non-optimal values (e.g. a PCIe link trained to something less than its max capability). MindShare Arbor has scores of these checks built in and can be run on any system scan (live or saved). Any errors or warnings are flagged and displayed for easy evaluation and debugging. MindShare Arbor allows users to create their own rule checks to be applied to system scans. These rule checks can be for any structure, or set of structures, in PCI config space, memory space or IO space. The rule checks are written in JavaScript. (Python support coming soon.) Write Capability MindShare Arbor provides a very simple interface to directly edit a register in PCI config space, memory address space or IO address space. This can be done in the decoded view so you see what the meaning of each bit, or by simply writing a hex value to the target location. Saving System Scans (XML) After a system scan has been performed, MindShare Arbor allows saving of that system's scanned data (PCI config space, memory space and IO space) all in a single file to be looked at later or sent to a colleague. The scanned data in these Arbor system scan files (.ARBSYS files) are XML-based and can be looked at with any text editor or web browser. Even scans performed with other tools can be easily converted to the Arbor XML format and evaluated with MindShare Arbor.

PCIe 3.0.book Page i Wednesday, August 29, 2012 4:03 PM PCI Express Technology Comprehensive Guide to Generations 1.x, 2.x, 3.0 MINDSHARE, INC. Mike Jackson Ravi Budruk Technical Edit by Joe Winkles and Don Anderson

PCIe 3.0.book Page ii Sunday, September 2, 2012 11:25 AM Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prod‐ ucts are claimed as trademarks. Where those designators appear in this book, and MindShare was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been printed in ini‐ tial capital letters or all capital letters. The authors and publishers have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connec‐ tion with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Jackson, Mike and Budruk, Ravi PCI Express Technology / MindShare, Inc., Mike Jackson, Ravi Budruk....[et al.] Includes index ISBN: 978‐0‐9836465‐2‐5 (alk. paper) 1. Computer Architecture. 2.0 Microcomputers ‐ buses. I. Jackson, Mike II. MindShare, Inc. III. Title Library of Congress Number: 2011921066 ISBN: 978‐0‐9836465‐2‐5 Copyright ©2012 by MindShare, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy‐ ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Editors: Joe Winkles and Don Anderson Project Manager: Maryanne Daves Cover Design: Greenhouse Creative and MindShare, Inc. Set in 10 point Palatino Linotype by MindShare, Inc. Text printed on recycled and acid‐free paper First Edition, First Printing, September, 2012

PCIe 3.0.book Page iii Sunday, September 2, 2012 11:25 AM “This book is dedicated to my sons, Jeremy and Bryan – I love you guys deeply. Creating a book takes a long time and a team effort, but it’s finally done and now you hold the results in your hand. It’s a picture of the way life is sometimes: investing over a long time with your team before you see the result. You were a gift to us when you were born and we’ve invested in you for many years, along with a number of people who have helped us. Now you’ve become fine young men in your own right and it’s been a joy to become your friend as grown men. What will you invest in that will become the big achievements in your lives? I can hardly wait to find out.”

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