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1 Springer Series in OPTICAL SCIENCES founded by H.K.V. Lotsch Editor-in-Chief: W. T. Rhodes, Atlanta Editorial Board: A. Adibi, Atlanta T. Asakura, Sapporo T. W. Hänsch, Garching T. Kamiya, Tokyo F. Krausz, Garching B. Monemar, Linköping H. Venghaus, Berlin H. Weber, Berlin H. Weinfurter, München

Springer Series in OPTICAL SCIENCES The Springer Series in Optical Sciences, under the leadership of Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, provides an expanding selection of research monographs in all major areas of optics: lasers and quantum optics, ultrafast phenomena, optical spectroscopy techniques, optoelectronics, quan- tum information, information optics, applied laser technology, industrial applications, and other topics of con- temporary interest. With this broad coverage of topics, the series is of use to all research scientists and engineers who need up-to-date reference books. The editors encourage prospective authors to correspond with them in advance of submitting a manuscript. Submission of manuscripts should be made to the Editor-in-Chief or one of the Editors. See also www.springer. com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA E-mail:bill.rhodes@ece.gatech.edu Editorial Board Ali Adibi School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Van Leer Electrical Engineering Building Georgia Institute of Technology 777 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta, GA 30332-0250 Email:adibi@ece.gatech.edu Toshimitsu Asakura Hokkai-Gakuen University Faculty of Engineering 1-1, Minami-26, Nishi 11, Chuo-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan E-mail:asakura@eli.hokkai-s-u.ac.jp Theodor W. Hänsch Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1 85748 Garching, Germany E-mail: t.w.haensch@physik.uni-muenchen.de Takeshi Kamiya Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science and Technology National Institution for Academic Degrees 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-0012, Japan E-mail: kamiyatk@niad.ac.jp Ferenc Krausz Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik Am Coulombwall 1 85748 Garching, Germany and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Straße I 85748 Garching, Germany E-mail: ferenc.krausz@mpq.mpg.de Bo Monemar Department of Physics and Measurement Technology Materials Science Division Linköping University 58183 Linköping, Sweden E-mail:bom@ifm.liu.se Herbert Venghaus Heinrich-Hertz-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Berlin GmbH Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin, Germany E-mail: venghaus@hhi.de Horst Weber Technische Universität Berlin Optisches Institut Straβe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin, Germany E-mail: weber@physik.tu-berlin.de Harald Weinfurter Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Sektion Physik Schellingstraβe 4/III 80799 München, Germany E-mail:harald.weinfurter@physik.uni-muenchen.de

Walter Koechner Solid-State Laser Engineering Sixth Revised and Updated Edition With 447 Illustrations and 45 Tables

Dr. Walter Koechner 18496 Yellow Schoolhouse Rd. Round Hill, VA 20141 U.S.A. Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932556 ISBN-10: 0-387-29094-X ISBN-13: 978-0387-29094-2 e-ISBN: 0-387-29338-8 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in con- nection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (TB/MVY) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

To my wife Renate

Preface to the Sixth Edition This book, written from an industrial vantage point, describes the characteristics, design, and operation of solid-state lasers. As the title implies, the emphasis is placed on the technical aspects of these systems rather than on theoretical concepts. Lengthy mathematical derivations have been avoided because the theory is not treated as an end in itself, but rather serves to explain the experimental results observed in the laboratory. However, there is sufﬁcient theoretical background provided in each chapter to make the book self-contained. Solid-State Laser Engineering is mainly intended for the practicing scientist or engineer who is interested in the design or use of solid-state lasers. The response from readers has shown that the comprehensive treatment of the subject makes the work useful also to students of laser physics who want to supplement their theoretical knowledge with the engineering aspects of lasers. Although not written in the form of a college text, the book might be used in an advanced college course on laser technology. After a historical overview, the book starts with a review of the basic concepts of laser physics (Chap. 1). Analytical expressions of the threshold condition, gain, and output of laser oscillators are derived in Chap. 3. An oscillator followed by one or more ampliﬁers is a common architecture in pulsed solid-state laser systems to boost output energy. Energy storage and gain of ampliﬁers is discussed in Chap. 4. Four chapters deal with the basic subsystems of solid-state lasers. These are the active medium, the optical resonator, the pumping system, and the thermal manage- ment. Properties of solid-state laser hosts and active ions are reviewed in Chap. 2. Beam divergence and line width of an oscillator are strongly dependent on the spatial and longitudinal mode structure of the resonator. Resonator conﬁgurations and char- acteristics are presented in Chap. 5. Different pump sources and conﬁgurations for transferring pump radiation to the active material are discussed in Chap. 6. Thermal gradients set up as a result of heat removal from the active medium have a profound impact on beam quality and output power limitations. Thermal effects and cooling techniques are treated in Chap. 7. Three chapters are devoted to techniques and devices that can alter the temporal or spectral output of a laser, i.e., Q-switching, mode-locking, and nonlinear devices. Electro-optical, acousto-optical, and passive Q-switches are employed for the genera- tion of laser pulses with a pulsewidth on the order of nanoseconds (Chap. 8). Ultrashort pulses with pulsewidths in the picosecond or femtosecond regime are obtained from solid-state lasers by passive or active mode-locking (Chap. 9). Nonlinear optical de- vices, such as harmonic generators, parametric oscillators, and Raman oscillators, provide a means of extending the frequency range of available laser sources, and

VIII Preface to the Sixth Edition Brillouin scattering offers the possibility of minimizing distortions in laser ampliﬁers (Chap. 10). The last chapter discusses the fundamental limit of the output energy or power of a laser system, which is determined by optical damage occurring at the surface or within the bulk of optical components (Chap. 11). Following the demonstration of the ﬁrst laser over 45 years ago, an extraordinary number of different types of lasers have been invented using a wide variety of active media and pump techniques to create an inversion. Laser research and engineering has developed into many specialized disciplines depending on the laser medium (solid state, optical ﬁber, semiconductor, neutral or ionized gas, liquid) and excitation mech- anism (optical pumping, electric current, gas discharge, chemical reaction, electron beam). For historical reasons, solid-state lasers describe a class of lasers in which active ions in crystal or glass host materials are optically pumped to create a population inversion. Other types of lasers that employ solid-state gain media are semiconductor lasers and optical ﬁber lasers and ampliﬁers. However, since these lasers employ very specialized technologies and design principles, they are usually treated separately from conventional bulk solid-state lasers. The design and performance characteristics of laser diode arrays are discussed in this book because these devices are employed as pump sources for solid-state lasers. Fiber lasers, although similar to conventional solid-state lasers as far as the active material and the pump source is concerned, are radically different with respect to beam conﬁnement, mode structure, coupling of pump and laser beams, and the design of optical components. Gratiﬁed by the wide acceptance of Solid-State Laser Engineering, I have up- dated and completely revised the material for this sixth edition. Obsolete material has been deleted, the presentation and organization of the material has been stream- lined in some places, and new information has been added to account for recent developments in the areas of diode laser pumping, laser materials, and nonlinear crystals. The sections dealing with the theory of mode-locking, femtosecond lasers, high-efﬁciency harmonic generation, passive and acousto-optic Q-switching, semi- conductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM), and periodically poled nonlinear crystals have been greatly expanded. In particular r the theory of second and third harmonic conversion has been expanded to describe high-efﬁciency conversion by taking into account pump depletion as well as phase mismatch. r concave–convex resonators in the presence of strong thermal focusing have been analyzed in more detail compared to previous editions. r the important technique of mode-locking via a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is described in some detail. r a description of the Pound–Drever–Hall (PDH) servo system employed to achieve absolute frequency stability from a laser oscillator has been added. r the high gain that can be achieved in diode pumped cw Nd:YAG laser ampliﬁers required a section on cw ampliﬁers.

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