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Handbook of Batteries（4th Edition-Thomas.B. Reddy &D.Linden.pdf
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part 1 Principles of Operation
Chapter 1. Basic Concepts
1.1. Components of Cells and Batteries
1.2. Classification of Cells and Batteries
1.3. Operation of a Cell
1.4. Theoretical Cell Voltage, Capacity, and Energy
1.5. Specific Energy and Energy Density of Practical Batteries
1.6. Limits of Specific Energy and Energy Density
References
Chapter 2. Electrochemical Principles and Reactions
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Thermodynamic Background
2.3. Electrode Processes
2.4. Electrical Double-Layer Capacity and Ionic Adsorption
2.5. Mass Transport to the Electrode Surface
2.6. Electrochemical Techniques
References
Bibliography
Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Battery Performance
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Factors Affecting Battery Performance
References
Chapter 4. Battery Standardization
4.1. General
4.2. International Standards
4.3. Concepts of Standardization
4.4. IEC and ANSI Nomenclature Systems
4.5. Terminals
4.6. Electrical Performance
4.7. Markings
4.8. Cross-References of ANSI IEC Battery Standards
4.9. Listing of IEC Standard Round Primary Batteries
4.10. Standard SLI and Other Lead-Acid Batteries
4.11. Regulatory and Safety Standards
Note
References
Chapter 5. Battery Design
5.1. General
5.2. Designing to Eliminate Potential Safety Problems
5.3. Battery Safeguards When Using Discrete Batteries
5.4. Battery Construction
5.5. Design of Rechargeable Batteries
5.6. Electronic Energy Management and Control Systems
References
Chapter 6. Mathematical Modeling of Batteries
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Development of a Mathematical Model
6.3. Building Empirical Models
6.4. Mechanistic Models
6.5. Kinetic Model of a Silver Vanadium Oxide Cell
6.6. Modeling Porous Electrodes
6.7. Lead-Acid Battery Model
6.8. Intercalation in Porous Electrodes
6.9. Energy Balance
6.10. Degradation Models
6.11. Determining the Right Model
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 7. Battery Electrolytes
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Aqueous Electrolytes
7.3. Nonaqueous Electrolytes
7.4. Ionic Liquids
7.5. Solid Polymer Electrolytes
7.6. Ceramic/Glassy Electrolytes
References
Part 2 Primary Batteries
Chapter 8. An Introduction to Primary Batteries
8.1. General Characteristics and Applications of Primary Batteries
8.2. Types and Characteristics of Primary Batteries
8.3. Comparison of the Performance Characteristics of Primary Battery Systems
8.4. Recharging Primary Batteries
Chapter 9. Zinc-Carbon Batteries—Leclanché and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems
9.1. General Characteristics
9.2. Chemistry
9.3. Types of Cells and Batteries
9.4. Construction
9.5. Cell Components
9.6. Performance Characteristics
9.7. Special Designs
9.8. Types and Sizes of Available Cells and Batteries
References
Chapter 10. Magnesium and Aluminum Batteries
10.1. General Characteristics
10.2. Chemistry
10.3. Construction of Mg/MnO[Sub(2)] Batteries
10.4. Performance Characteristics of Mg/MnO[Sub(2)] Batteries
10.5. Sizes and Types of Mg/MnO[Sub(2)] Batteries
10.6. Other Types of Magnesium Batteries
10.7. Aluminum Primary Batteries
References
Chapter 11. Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Batteries
11.1. General Characteristics
11.2. Chemistry
11.3. Cell Components and Materials
11.4. Construction
11.5. Evolta™ and Oxyride™ Batteries
References
Chapter 12. Mercuric Oxide Batteries
12.1. General Characteristics
12.2. Chemistry
12.3. Cell Components
12.4. Construction
12.5. Performance Characteristics of Zinc/Mercuric Oxide Batteries
12.6. Performance Characteristics of Cadmium/Mercuric Oxide Batteries
References
Chapter 13. Button Cell Batteries: Silver Oxide–Zinc and Zinc-Air Systems
Section A. Silver Oxide-Zinc Batteries
Section B. Zinc-Air Batteries
References
Bibliography
Chapter 14. Lithium Primary Batteries
14.1. General Characteristics
14.2. Chemistry
14.3. Characteristics of Lithium Primary Batteries
14.4. Safety and Handling of Lithium Batteries
14.5. Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide (Li/SO[Sub(2)]) Batteries
14.6. Lithium/Thionyl Chloride (Li/SOCl[Sub(2)]) Batteries
14.7. Lithium/Oxychloride Batteries
14.8. Lithium/Manganese Dioxide (Li/MnO[Sub(2)]) Batteries
14.9. Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride (Li/CFx) Batteries
14.10. Lithium/Iron Disulfide (Li/FeS[Sub(2)]) Batteries
14.11. Lithium/Copper Oxide (Li/CuO) Cells
14.12. Lithium/Silver Vanadium Oxide Batteries
14.13. Lithium/Water and Lithium/Air Batteries
References
Part 3 Secondary Batteries
Chapter 15. An Introduction to Secondary Batteries
15.1. General Characteristics and Applications of Secondary Batteries
15.2. Types and Characteristics of Secondary Batteries
15.3. Comparison of Performance Characteristics for Secondary Battery Systems
References
Chapter 16. Lead-Acid Batteries
16.1. General Characteristics
16.2. Chemistry
16.3. Constructional Features, Materials, and Manufacturing Methods
16.4. SLI (Automotive) Batteries: Construction and Performance
16.5. Deep-Cycle and Traction Batteries: Construction and Performance
16.6. Stationary Batteries: Construction and Performance
16.7. Charging and Charging Equipment
16.8. Maintenance, Safety, and Operational Features
16.9. Applications and Markets
References
Chapter 17. Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries
17.1. General Characteristics
17.2. Chemistry
17.3. Cell Construction
17.4. Performance Characteristics
17.5. Charging Characteristics
17.6. Safety and Handling
17.7. Battery Types and Sizes
17.8. Applications of VRLA Batteries to Uninterruptible Power Supplies
17.9. Current Developments and Future Opportunities for VRLA Batteries
References
Chapter 18. Iron Electrode Batteries
18.1. General Characteristics
18.2. Chemistry of Nickel-Iron Batteries
18.3. Conventional Nickel-Iron Batteries
18.4. Advanced Nickel-Iron Batteries
18.5. Iron/Air Batteries
18.6. Silver-Iron Battery
18.7. Recent Advances in Iron Anode Materials
18.8. Iron Materials as Cathodes
References
Chapter 19. Industrial and Aerospace Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Chemistry
19.3. Construction
19.4. Performance Characteristics
19.5. Charging Characteristics
19.6. Sealed Nickel-Cadmium (SNC) Battery Technology
19.7. Fiber Nickel-Cadmium (FNC) Battery Technology
19.8. Manufacturers and Market Segments
19.9. Applications
Bibliography
Chapter 20. Vented Sintered-Plate Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
20.1. General Characteristics
20.2. Chemistry
20.3. Construction
20.4. Performance Characteristics
20.5. Charging Characteristics
20.6. Maintenance Procedures
20.7. Reliability
20.8. Cell and Battery Designs
References
Chapter 21. Portable Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
21.1. General Characteristics
21.2. Chemistry
21.3. Construction
21.4. Performance Characteristics
21.5. Charging Characteristics
21.6. Special-Purpose Batteries
21.7. Battery Types and Sizes
21.8. Battery Sizes and Availability
Reference
Bibliography
Chapter 22. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
22.1. Introduction
22.2. General Characteristics
22.3. NiMH Battery Chemistry
22.4. Cell Construction Types
22.5. Cell Design Issues
22.6. EV Battery Packs
22.7. Hybrid Battery Packs
22.8. Fuel Cell Startup and Power Assist
22.9. Consumer Batteries—Precharged NiMH
22.10. Discharge Performance
22.11. Charge Methods
22.12. Electrical Isolation
22.13. Next Generation NiMH
References
Chapter 23. Nickel-Zinc Batteries
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Nickel-Zinc Chemistry
23.3. Cell Construction
23.4. Performance Characteristics
23.5. Applications
23.6. Environmental Aspects of the Nickel-Zinc Battery
References
Chapter 24. Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
24.1. General Characteristics
24.2. Chemistry
24.3. Cell and Electrode-Stack Components
24.4. Ni-H[Sub(2)] Cell Construction
24.5. Ni-H[Sub(2)] Battery Design
24.6. Applications
24.7. Performance Characteristics
24.8. Advanced Designs
References
Bibliography
Chapter 25. Silver Oxide Batteries
25.1. General Characteristics
25.2. Chemistry
25.3. Cell Construction and Components
25.4. Performance Characteristics
25.5. Charging Characteristics
25.6. Cell Types and Sizes
25.7. Special Features and Handling
25.8. Applications
25.9. Recent Developments
References
Chapter 26. Lithium-Ion Batteries
26.1. General Characteristics
26.2. Chemistry
26.3. Construction
26.4. Characteristics and Performance
26.5. Safety Properties
26.6. Conclusions and Future Trends
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 27. Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries (Ambient Temperature)
27.1. General Characteristics
27.2. Chemistry
27.3. Characteristics of Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
27.4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28. Rechargeable Zinc/Alkaline/Manganese Dioxide Batteries
28.1. General Characteristics
28.2. Chemistry
28.3. Construction
28.4. Performance
28.5. Charge Methods
28.6. Types of Cells and Batteries
References
Part 4 Specialized Battery Systems
Chapter 29. Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
29.1. Introduction
29.2. EV Battery Performance Targets
29.3. Batteries for Electric Vehicles
29.4. Other Energy Storage Technologies for Electric Vehicles
29.5. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
29.6. Types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
29.7. Comparison of HEV Battery Performance Requirements
29.8. Vehicle Integration of HEV Batteries
29.9. Other Energy Storage Technologies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
References
Chapter 30. Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage Applications
30.1. Introduction: Energy Storage on the Electric Grid
30.2. Historical Perspective
30.3. Battery Energy Storage for Electricity Applications: How Storage Systems Create Value
30.4. Landmark Battery Energy Storage Systems
30.5. Advanced Battery Technologies for Stationary Applications
30.6. Flowing Electrolyte Batteries
30.7. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 31. Batteries for Biomedical Applications
31.1. Applications and Requirements for Implantable Batteries
31.2. Applications and Requirements for Batteries for Externally Powered Medical Devices
31.3. Safety Considerations
31.4. Reliability Considerations
31.5. Characteristics of Batteries for Biomedical Applications
References
Chapter 32. Battery Selection for Consumer Electronics
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Key Considerations in Selecting a Battery
32.3. Typical Portable Applications
32.4. Primary Battery Types and Applications
32.5. Secondary Battery Types and Applications
32.6. Specific Criteria for Battery Selection
32.7. Decision Making and Trade-Offs
32.8. Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Battery Selection
Chapter 33. Metal/Air Batteries
33.1. General Characteristics
33.2. Chemistry
33.3. Zinc/Air Batteries
33.4. Aluminum/Air Batteries
33.5. Magnesium/Air Batteries
33.6. Lithium/Air Batteries
References
Chapter 34. Reserve Magnesium Anode and Zinc/Silver Oxide Batteries
Section A. Magnesium Water-Activated Batteries
Section B. Zinc/Silver Oxide Reserve Batteries
References
Bibliography
Chapter 35. Reserve Military Batteries
Section A. Ambient-Temperature Lithium Anode Reserve Batteries
Section B. Spin-Dependent Reserve Batteries
References
Bibliography
Chapter 36. Thermal Batteries
36.1. General Characteristics
36.2. Description of Electrochemical Systems
36.3. Cell Chemistry
36.4. Cell Construction
36.5. Cell-Stack Designs
36.6. Performance Characteristics
36.7. Testing and Surveillance
36.8. New Developments
References
Bibliography
Part 5 Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Capacitors
Chapter 37. Introduction to Fuel Cells
37.1. General Characteristics
37.2. Operation of the Fuel Cell
37.3. Subkilowatt Fuel Cells
37.4. Innovative Subkilowatt Designs: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
References
Chapter 38. Small Fuel Cells
38.1. General
38.2. Applicable Fuel Cell Technologies
38.3. Cell Electrochemical Operation
38.4. Cell Stacking Configurations
38.5. Fuel Selection
38.6. Fuel Processing and Storage Configurations
38.7. System Integration Requirements
38.8. Hardware and Performance
38.9. Prognosis
References
Chapter 39. Electrochemical Capacitors
39.1. Introduction
39.2. Chemistry and Material Properties
39.3. Performance Characteristics of Devices
39.4. Electrochemical Capacitor Modeling
39.5. Testing Electrochemical Capacitors
39.6. Cost and System Considerations for Capacitors and Batteries
References
Appendices
Appendix A. Definitions
Appendix B. Standard Reduction Potentials
Appendix C. Electrochemical Equivalents of Battery Materials
Appendix D. Standard Symbols and Constants
Appendix E. Conversion Factors
Appendix F. Bibliography
Books
Periodicals
Proceedings of Annual/Biennial Conferences
Other Reference Sources: Handbooks and Bibliographies
Standards
Appendix G. Battery Manufacturers and R&D Organizations
Appendix H. Methodologies for Battery Failure Analysis
Introduction
Collection of Background Information
Recovery of Physical Evidence or Samples
Host Device or System Examination
Battery and Cell Examination
Battery Management and Protection Circuitry Examination
Working with Data from OEMs and Battery Manufacturers
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
LINDEN’S HANDBOOK OF BATTERIES
ABOUT THE EDITORThomas B. Reddy received a B.S. in Chemistry from Yale University and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the University of Minnesota where his thesis research was on the properties of nonaqueous electrolytes. He was a Post-Doctoral Research Associate at the University of Illinois and his work there included studies of thermal batteries. He served as a Member of the Technical Staff at Bell Laboratories, carrying out research on molten salt electrolytes. At the Central Research Laboratory of the American Cyanamid Company, he was a Senior Research Chemist and Group Leader and directed the group that devel-oped the lithium/sulfur dioxide primary battery, widely used by the U.S. and foreign military. He subsequently served as the Director of Technology and a Vice-President of Power Conversion (PCI), later Hawker Eternacell, a leading manufacturer of lithium primary batteries for military and industrial applica-tions. His responsibilities at PCI included R&D, quality control, and technology transfer. He completed his industrial career as the Vice-President of Engineering at Yardney Technical Products/Lithion where he directed R, D, & E programs on lithium-ion, silver, nickel and metal-air batteries. He served as the technical expert on batteries for NASA’s New Millennium Program and directed develop-ment of lithium-ion and lithium primary batteries for JPL’s Mars exploration programs, including the Mars Exploration Rovers.Dr. Reddy is currently a Distinguished Visiting Scientist in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Rutgers University and an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. He serves on U.S. Government and UL committees and consults for academia, government, and industry. Dr. Reddy was the coeditor with David Linden of the Third Edition of the Handbook of Batteries.
LINDEN’S HANDBOOK OF BATTERIESThomas B. Reddy EditorDavid Linden Editor EmeritusFourth EditionNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Dedicatedto theMemoryofDavid Linden1923–2008
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CONTENTSContributors xixPreface xxiPart 1 Principles of OperationChapter 1. Basic Concepts David Linden and Thomas B. Reddy 1.3 1.1. Components of Cells and Batteries / 1.3 1.2. Classification of Cells and Batteries / 1.4 1.3. Operation of a Cell / 1.6 1.4. Theoretical Cell Voltage, Capacity, and Energy / 1.9 1.5. Specific Energy and Energy Density of Practical Batteries / 1.14 1.6. Limits of Specific Energy and Energy Density / 1.16References / 1.17Chapter 2. Electrochemical Principles and Reactions Mark Salomon 2.1 2.1. Introduction / 2.1 2.2. Thermodynamic Background / 2.3 2.3. Electrode Processes / 2.4 2.4. Electrical Double-Layer Capacity and Ionic Adsorption / 2.10 2.5. Mass Transport to the Electrode Surface / 2.15 2.6. Electrochemical Techniques / 2.19References / 2.35Bibliography / 2.36Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Battery Performance David Linden 3.1 3.1. General Characteristics / 3.1 3.2. Factors Affecting Battery Performance / 3.1References / 3.22Chapter 4. Battery Standardization Steven Wicelinski 4.1 4.1. General / 4.1 4.2. International Standards / 4.1 4.3. Concepts of Standardization / 4.3 4.4. IEC and ANSI Nomenclature Systems / 4.4 4.5. Terminals / 4.7 4.6. Electrical Performance / 4.8 4.7. Markings / 4.9 4.8. Cross-References of ANSI IEC Battery Standards / 4.9vii
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