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Mac OS X and iOS Internals.pdf

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MAC OS® X AND iOS INTERNALS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv PART I CHAPTER 1 FOR POWER USERS Darwinism: The Evolution of OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CHAPTER 2 E Pluribus Unum: Architecture of OS X and iOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 CHAPTER 3 On the Shoulders of Giants: OS X and iOS Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CHAPTER 4 Parts of the Process: Mach-O, Process, and Thread Internals . . . . . . . . 91 CHAPTER 5 Non Sequitur: Process Tracing and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 CHAPTER 6 Alone in the Dark: The Boot Process: EFI and iBoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 CHAPTER 7 The Alpha and the Omega — launchd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 PART II THE KERNEL CHAPTER 8 Some Assembly Required: Kernel Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 CHAPTER 9 From the Cradle to the Grave — Kernel Boot and Panics . . . . . . . . . . . 299 CHAPTER 10 The Medium Is the Message: Mach Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 CHAPTER 11 Tempus Fugit — Mach Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 CHAPTER 12 Commit to Memory: Mach Virtual Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 CHAPTER 13 BS”D — The BSD Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 CHAPTER 14 Something Old, Something New: Advanced BSD Aspects . . . . . . . . . 539 CHAPTER 15 Fee, FI-FO, File: File Systems and the VFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 CHAPTER 16 To B (-Tree) or Not to Be — The HFS+ File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 CHAPTER 17 Adhere to Protocol: The Networking Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 CHAPTER 18 Modu(lu)s Operandi — Kernel Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 CHAPTER 19 Driving Force — I/O Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 APPENDIX Welcome to the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 ffirs.indd i ffirs.indd i 9/29/2012 5:55:02 PM 9/29/2012 5:55:02 PM
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Mac OS® X and iOS Internals TO THE APPLE’S CORE Jonathan Levin ffirs.indd iii ffirs.indd iii 9/29/2012 5:55:03 PM 9/29/2012 5:55:03 PM
Mac OS® X and iOS Internal Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2013 by Jonathan Levin Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-1-11805765-0 ISBN: 978-1-11822225-6 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-11823605-5 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-11826094-4 (ebk) Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permis- sions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (877) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011945020 Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Wrox Programmer to Programmer, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affi liates, in the United States and other coun- tries, and may not be used without written permission. Mac OS is a registered trademark of Apple, Inc. All other trade- marks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. ffirs.indd iv ffirs.indd iv 9/29/2012 5:55:06 PM 9/29/2012 5:55:06 PM
To Steven Paul Jobs: From Mac OS’s very fi rst incarnation, to the present one, wherein the legacy of NeXTSTEP still lives, his relationship with Apple is forever entrenched in OS X (and iOS). People focus on his effect on Apple as a company. No less of an effect, though hidden to the naked eye, is on its architecture. I resisted the pixie dust for 25 years, but he fi nally made me love Mac OS... Just as soon as I got my shell prompt. — Jonathan Levin ffirs.indd v ffirs.indd v 9/29/2012 5:55:07 PM 9/29/2012 5:55:07 PM
CREDITS ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Mary James SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR Adaobi Obi Tulton DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Sydney Argenta TECHNICAL EDITORS Arie Haenel Dwight Spivey PRODUCTION EDITOR Christine Mugnolo COPY EDITORS Paula Lowell Nancy Rapoport EDITORIAL MANAGER Mary Beth Wakefi eld FREELANCER EDITORIAL MANAGER Rosemarie Graham ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF MARKETING David Mayhew MARKETING MANAGER Ashley Zurcher BUSINESS MANAGER Amy Knies PRODUCTION MANAGER Tim Tate VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE GROUP PUBLISHER Richard Swadley VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Neil Edde ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Jim Minatel PROJECT COORDINATOR, COVER Katie Crocker PROOFREADER James Saturnio, Word One New York INDEXER Robert Swanson COVER DESIGNER Ryan Sneed COVER IMAGE © Matt Jeacock / iStockPhoto ffirs.indd vi ffirs.indd vi 9/29/2012 5:55:07 PM 9/29/2012 5:55:07 PM
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