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2013年湖南省湘潭市中考化学真题及答案.doc

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2013 年湖南省湘潭市中考化学真题及答案 一、选择题(本题包括 20 小题,每小题 2 分,共 40 分。每小题只有一个正确答案) 1.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列物质中,属于纯净物的是( A.空气 B.蒸馏水 C.糖水 ) D.海水 考点: 纯净物和混合物的判别. 专题: 物质的分类. 分析: 本题考查利用纯净物的概念来判断物质是否为纯净物,宏观上看只有一种物质,微观上只有一种分 子. 解答: 解:A、空气中含有氧气、氮气、二氧化碳等物质,属于混合物,故 A 错; B、蒸馏水是由水一种物质组成,属于纯净物,故 B 正确; C、糖水中含有糖和水属于混合物,故 C 错; D、海水中含有氯化钠、氯化镁、氯化钙等物质,属于混合物,故 D 错. 故选 B. 点评: 在熟悉概念的基础上能从宏观和微观两个方面来判断纯净物和混合物,还要从社会实践中了解生活 中常见物质的组成. 2.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列过程属于化学变化的是( A.胆矾研碎 B.玻璃破碎 C.汽油燃烧 ) D.轮胎爆炸 考点: 化学变化和物理变化的判别. 专题: 物质的变化与性质. 分析: 本题考查学生对物理变化和化学变化的确定.判断一个变化是物理变化还是化学变化,要依据在变 化过程中有没有生成其他物质,生成其他物质的是化学变化,没有生成其他物质的是物理变化 解答: 解:A、胆矾研碎只是形状发生了变化,没有新物质生成,属于物理变化,故 A 错; B、玻璃破碎只是形状发生了变化,没有新物质生成,属于物理变化,故 B 错; C、汽油燃烧生成二氧化碳和水等物质,有新物质生成,属于化学变化,故 C 正确; D、轮胎爆炸是由于压强大,轮胎承受不住压力造成的,没有新物质生成,属于物理变化,故 D 错. 故选 C. 点评: 搞清楚物理变化和化学变化的本质区别是解答本类习题的关键.判断的标准是看在变化中有没有生 成其他物质.一般地,物理变化有物质的固、液、气三态变化和物质形状的变化. 3.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)材料与人类生活密切相关,下列物品是由金属材料制成的是( A. B. D. C. ) 羊毛衫 塑料盆 不锈钢餐具 玻璃杯 考点: 金属材料及其应用. 专题: 金属与金属材料. 分析: 金属材料包括纯金属以及它们的合金,据此结合常见物质的成分进行分析判断即可. 解答: 解:A、羊毛衫是用羊毛织成的,羊毛属于天然材料,故选项错误. B、塑料盆是用塑料制成的,塑料属于合成材料,故选项错误. C、不锈钢餐具是用不锈钢制成的,属于金属材料,故选项正确. D、玻璃杯是用玻璃制成的,主要成分是硅酸盐材料,属于无机非金属材料,故选项错误. 故选 C. 点评: 本题难度不大,掌握金属材料的范畴(纯金属以及它们的合金)是正确解答本题的关键. 参与本物业的竣工验收,并在物业移交接管时,与甲方办理物业管理书面交接手续;本物业交付使用后的质量标准.说课标就是要把课程标准中的课程目标(三维目标)作为本课题教学的指导思想和教学依据,从课程论的高度驾驭教材和指导教学设计。Grass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. Topromote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone "unspoken rules", formed all law law, abide by the good atmosphere. Tostrengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, strongly against violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality,and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases "third-party" hearings and supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution "for the officers not to" problem, motivate cadres and better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at show s as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse
4.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)植物因缺氧元素会引起叶片发黄,这时应该施加下列哪种肥料( A.NH4NO3 B.K2SO4 C.KCl ) D.Ca(H2PO4)2 考点: 常见化肥的种类和作用. 专题: 常见的盐 化学肥料. 分析: 含有氮元素的肥料称为氮肥.氮肥能使农作物枝叶繁茂、叶色浓绿、还能提高产量. 解答: 解:植物叶片发黄,说明土壤中缺乏营养元素氮元素. A、NH4NO3 中含有氮元素,故正确; B、K2SO4 中不含有氮元素,故错误; C、KCl 不含有氮元素,故错误; D、Ca(H2PO4)2 中不含有氮元素,故错误; 故选 A. 点评: 解答本题要掌握各种化肥对植物生长的作用,只有这样才能对问题做出正确的判断. 5.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)宇航员在太空舱中常用 NiFe2O4 作催化剂,将呼出的气体和某些物质转化为氧气.已 知其中 Ni 元素为+2 价,则 Fe 元素的化合价为( A.+1 ) C.+3 D.+4 B.+2 考点: 有关元素化合价的计算. 专题: 化学式的计算. 分析: 根据在化合物中正负化合价代数和为零,结合物质的化学式进行解答本题. 解答: 解:NiFe2O4 中 Ni 为+2 价,设 NiFe2O4 中 Fe 的化合价为 x,根据在化合物中正负化合价代数和为零, 则: (+2)+2x+(﹣2)×4=0, 解答 x=+3; 故选 C. 点评: 本题难度不大,掌握利用化合价的原则计算指定元素的化合价的方法即可正确解答. 6.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列实验操作中正确的是( A. B. ) C. D. 稀释浓硫酸 称量固体 氧气验满 点燃酒精灯 考点: 浓硫酸的性质及浓硫酸的稀释;称量器-托盘天平;加热器皿-酒精灯;氧气的检验和验满. 专题: 常见仪器及化学实验基本操作. 分析: A、根据稀释浓硫酸要把浓硫酸沿容器壁慢慢注入水中,并不断搅拌进行解答; B、根据称量固体时应该“左物右码”原则进行解答; C、根据氧气验满应该用带火星的木条放到集气瓶口进行解答; D、根据点燃酒精灯应用燃着的木条进行解答. 解答: 解:A、稀释浓硫酸要把浓硫酸沿容器壁慢慢注入水中,并不断搅拌,千万不能将水倒入浓硫酸中, 故 A 错误; B、称量固体时应该“左物右码”原则,故 B 错误; C、氧气验满应该用带火星的木条放到集气瓶口,而不是伸入集气瓶内,故 C 错误; D、点燃酒精灯应用燃着的木条,不能用燃着的酒精灯去引燃另外的酒精灯,故 D 正确. 故选:D. 点评: 化学是以实验为基础的学科,掌握正确的化学实验操作是同学们必须具备的能力. 参与本物业的竣工验收,并在物业移交接管时,与甲方办理物业管理书面交接手续;本物业交付使用后的质量标准.说课标就是要把课程标准中的课程目标(三维目标)作为本课题教学的指导思想和教学依据,从课程论的高度驾驭教材和指导教学设计。Grass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. Topromote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone "unspoken rules", formed all law law, abide by the good atmosphere. Tostrengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, strongly against violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality,and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases "third-party" hearings and supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution "for the officers not toead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play,good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse
7.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列做法不会危及食品安全的是( A.用霉变花生压榨食用油 C.在薯片包装中充入氮气 B.用“地沟油”加工食品 D.用硫磺熏蒸干辣椒 ) 考点: 亚硝酸钠、甲醛等化学品的性质与人体健康;常见气体的用途. 专题: 化学与生活健康. 分析: A、霉变的食物中含有霉菌毒素,黄曲霉素是其中的一种; B、地沟油中含有病菌、毒素等; C、氮气无毒,是一种化学性质不活泼的气体; D、硫燃烧能生成二氧化硫,二氧化硫是一种无色、有刺激性气味、有毒的气体. 解答: 解:A、霉变的花生中含有黄曲霉素,食用用霉变花生压榨的食用油会危及人体健康. B、用“地沟油”加工食品后,地沟油中的病菌、黄曲霉素等会随食品加入人体,危及人体健康. C、氮气在通常情况下不能与其它物质发生化学反应,可以用作食品防腐剂,在薯片包装中充入氮气 不会危及人体健康. D、用硫磺熏蒸干辣椒时,硫磺燃烧能生成二氧化硫,二氧化硫会随辣椒进入人体,危及人体健康. 故选:C. 点评: 食品安全事关人体健康,所以选择食品时,要注意不吃过期的食品,不吃变质的食品,不吃含有大 量防腐剂的食品. 8.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列物质的俗名和化学式不相符的是( A.小苏打 NaHCO3 B.烧碱 Na2CO3 C.石灰石 CaCO3 ) D.酒精 C2H5OH 考点: 化学式的书写及意义. 专题: 化学用语和质量守恒定律. 分析: 根据常见化学物质的名称、俗称、化学式进行分析判断即可. 解答: 解:A、小苏打是碳酸氢钠的俗称,其 化学式为:NaHCO3,其俗名和化学式相符. B、烧碱是氢氧化钠的俗称,其化学式为:NaOH,其俗名和化学式不相符. C、石灰石的主要成分是碳酸钙,其化学式为 CaCO3 ,其俗名和化学式相符. D、乙醇是酒精的学名,其化学式为 C2H5OH,其俗名和化学式相符. 故选 B. 点评: 本题难度不大,熟练掌握常见化学物质的名称、俗称、化学式是正确解答此类题的关键. 9.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)五月初五,粽叶飘香,你能闻到香味是因为( A.分子在不断运动 B.分子的质量很小 C.分子之间有间隔 ) D.分子可以再分 考点: 利用分子与原子的性质分析和解决问题. 专题: 物质的微观构成与物质的宏观组成. 分析: 根据分子的特点:在不断运动、分子之间有间隔、分子的质量和体积很小考虑本题. 解答: 解:A、能闻到粽叶的香味,是由于构成粽叶香的分子在不断运动,与人的嗅觉细胞接触就会闻到香 味.故 A 正确; B、能闻到粽叶的香味与分子的质量大小无关.故 B 错误; C、能闻到粽叶的香味与分子的间隔无关.故 C 错误; D、能闻到粽叶的香味与分子能否再分无关.故 D 错误. 故选 A. 点评: 解答本题关键是要知道分子的特点,并能灵活运用其特点解释生活中的现象. 10.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列物质在氧气中燃烧,火星四射,且有黑色固体生成的是( A.红磷 D.铁丝 B.镁带 C.硫磺 ) 考点: 氧气与碳、磷、硫、铁等物质的反应现象.
专题: 实验现象的观察和记录. 分析: A、根据红磷在氧气中燃烧的现象进行分析判断. B、根据镁带在氧气中燃烧的现象进行分析判断. C、根据硫磺在氧气中燃烧的现象进行分析判断. D、根据铁丝在氧气中燃 烧的现象进行分析判断. 解答: 解:A、木炭在氧气中燃烧,发出白光,生成能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体,故选项错误. B、镁带在空气中燃烧,发出耀眼的白光,生成一种白色固体,故选项错误. C、硫磺在氧气中燃烧,发出明亮的蓝紫色火焰,产生一种具有刺激性气味的气体,故选项错误. D、铁丝在氧气中剧烈燃烧,火星四射,放出大量的热,生成一种黑色固体,故选项正确. 故选 D. 点评: 本题难度不大,掌握常见物质燃烧的现象即可正确解答;在描述物质燃烧的现象时,需要注意光和 火焰、烟和雾的区别. 11.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列食物中,主要为人体提供蛋白质的是( A.大米 B.瘦肉 C.苹果 ) D.植物油 考点: 食品、药品与健康食品中的有机营养素. 专题: 化学与生活健康. 分析: 根据人体所需六大营养素的种类、食物来源,结合题中所给的食物判断所含的营养素,进行分析判 断. 解答: 解:A、大米中富含淀粉,淀粉属于糖类,故选项错误. B、瘦肉中富含蛋白质,故选项正确. C、苹果中富含维生素,故选项错误. D、植物油中富含油脂,故选项错误. 故选 B. 点评: 本题难度不大,掌握各种营养素的生理功能、食物来源等是正确解答此类题的关键. 12.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)如图所示是甲、乙粒子的结构示意图,下列有关说法正确的是( ) A.甲粒子是阳离子 C.两种粒子属于同种元素 B.乙粒子是原子 D.甲粒子的化学性质比乙粒子稳定 考点: 原子结构示意图与离子结构示意图. 专题: 化学用语和质量守恒定律. 分析: 核电荷数(质子数)与核外电子数相同的是原子的结构示意图;核电荷数(质子数)大于核外电子 数的是阳离子的结构示意图;核电荷数(质子数)小于核外电子数的是阴离子的结构示意图;质子 数决定元素的种类,最外层的电子数决定微粒的性质. 解答: 解:A、甲粒子的质子数是 8,核外电子数是 8,属于原子.故 A 说法不正确; B、乙粒子的质子数是 8,核外电子数是 10,属于阴离子.故 B 说法不正确; C 、由于甲、乙的核内的质子数相同,属于属于同种元素.故 C 说法正确; D、由上述分析可知,甲粒子的最外层电子数是 6,在反应中已得到两个电子,乙粒子是带两个单位 的负电荷阴离子.故 D 说法不正确. 故选 C. 点评: 本题主要考查了从粒子的结构示意图中得到的信息的能力.对微观粒子的结构示意图的分析是学好 化学很重要的一步,但由于内容比较抽象往往比较难理解,要多强化训练. 参与本物业的竣工验收,并在物业移交接管时,与甲方办理物业管理书面交接手续;本物业交付使用后的质量标准.说课标就是要把课程标准中的课程目标(三维目标)作为本课题教学的指导思想和教学依据,从课程论的高度驾驭教材和指导教学设计。Grass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. Topromote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone "unspoken rules", formed all law law, abide by the good atmosphere. Tostrengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, strongly against violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality,and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases "third-party" hearings and supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution "for the officers not toead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play,good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse
13.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)2013 年 3 月在上海和安徽相继发现 H7N9 型禽流感,达菲是一种抗病毒药物,能有 效防治 H7N9 型禽流感,其化学式为 C16H28O4N2,下列有关说法不正确的是( A.达菲由四种元素组成 B.一个达菲分子由 50 个原子构成 C.达菲中碳、氢、氧三种元素的质量之比为 48:7:16 D.达菲完全燃烧后只生成二氧化碳和水 ) 考点: 化学式的书写及意义;元素质量比的计算;完全燃烧与不完全燃烧. 专题: 化学用语和质量守恒定律. 分析: A、根据达菲化学式的含义进行分析判断. B、根据每个达菲分子的构成进行分析判断. C、根据化合物中各元素质量比=各原子的相对原子质量×原子个数之比,进行分析判断. D、根据质量守恒定律(反应前后元素种类不变)进行分析判断. 解答: 解:A、达菲是由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素组成的,故选项说法正确. B、每个达菲分子是由 16 个碳原子、28 个氢原子、4 个氧原子、2 个氮原子构成的,则每个达菲分 子中含有 16+28+4+2=50 个原子,故选项说法正确. C、达菲中碳、氢、氧三种元素的质量之比为(12×16):(1×28):(16×4)=48:7:16,故选项说 法正确. D、由质量守恒定律(反应前后元素种类不变),达菲完全燃烧后除生成二氧化碳和水外,还应生成 含氮元素的物质,故选项说法错误. 故选 D. 点评: 本题难度不大,考查同学们结合新信息、灵活运用化学式的含义与有关计算进行分析问题、解决问 题的能力. 14.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)有 X、Y、Z 三种金属:把它们投入稀盐酸中,只有 Z 表面有气泡冒出,把 Y 投入 到 X 的硝酸盐溶液中,Y 表面有 X 析出,则 X、Y、Z 三种金属的活动性由强到弱的顺序是( A.X>Y>Z D.Z>X>Y C.Z>Y>X B.Y>X>Z ) 考点: 金属活动性顺序及其应用. 专题: 金属与金属材料. 分析: 在金属活动性顺序中,位于氢前面的金属能置换出酸中的氢;位于前面的金属能把排在它后面的金 属从其盐溶液中置换出来,据此根据能否发生反应,可确定三种金属活动性由强到弱的顺序. 解答: 解:有 X、Y、Z 三种金属:把它们投入稀盐酸中,只有 Z 表面有气泡冒出,说明 Z 能与稀盐酸反应, X、Y 不能与稀盐酸反应,即 Z>X、Y; 活把 Y 投入到 X 的硝酸盐溶液中,Y 表面有 X 析出,说明 Y 的金属活动性比 X 强,即 Y>X; 则 X、Y、Z 的金属活动性由强到弱的顺序是 Z>Y>X. 故选 C. 点评: 本题难度不大,考查金属活动性应用,掌握金属活动性应用“反应则活泼、不反应则不活泼”是正 确解答此类题的关键. 15.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)小明旅游时经常使用一种用纸代替金属材料制成的锅煮面,轻便易携带,你觉得 煮面时纸锅不会被烧掉的原因是( )
A.纸锅的着火点很高 B.面汤使纸锅的着火点升高了 C.面汤隔绝了氧气使纸锅不能燃烧 D.加热时面汤蒸发吸热使纸锅温度达不到其着火点 考点: 燃烧与燃烧的条件. 专题: 化学与生活. 分析: 燃烧的条件是:(1)物质具有可燃性.(2)可燃物与氧气接触.(3)温度达到可燃物的着火点.三 个条件必须同时具备,缺一不可. 解答: 解:纸张是可燃物,也与氧气接触,潮湿的纸张不燃烧的原因是面汤蒸发吸热,使温度达不到纸张 的着火点. 故选 D. 点评: 本题主要考查了物质燃烧的条件问题,熟记物质燃烧的条件就可做好此题. 16.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)新装修的房间常因苯超标而损害人体健康,苯(以 R 表示)燃烧的化学方程式如 下:2R+15O2 12CO2+6H2O,R 的化学式为( ) A.C4H8 B.C4H10 C.C6H6 D.C6H10 考点: 质量守恒定律及其应用. 专题: 化学用语和质量守恒定律. 分析: 根据燃烧的化学方程式为:2R+15O2→12CO2++6H2O,利用质量守恒定律的实质﹣反应前后原子的种类 和数目不变来解答. 解答: 解:根据 2R+15O2→12CO2+6H2O,及质量守恒定律可知反应前后元素的种类、原子个数前后相等, 反应前后 O 原子个数相等, 由元素守恒可知,R 中一定含有 C、H 元素, 由原子守恒可知,反应后共 12 个 C 原子、12 个 H 原子, 又 R 的化学计量数为 2,则 R 的化学式为 C6H6. 故选 C. 点评: 本题考查利用化学方程式来确定物质的化学式及利用物质来书写化学方程式,学生应注意利用元素 守恒、原子守恒来分析解答问题,培养良好的学科思维方法 17.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)以下各组溶液,不用其它试剂就能鉴别出来的是( A.AgNO3、BaCl2、Na2CO3、HCl C.Na2SO4、NaNO3、H2SO4、BaCl2 ) B.Na2SO4、Na2CO3、NaCl、BaCl2 D.FeCl3、NaCl、NaOH、NaNO3 考点: 酸、碱、盐的鉴别. 专题: 物质的鉴别题. 分析: A、根据硝酸银能与氯化钡、碳酸钠、盐酸反应分析; B、根据硫酸钠、碳酸钠都能与氯化钡反应生成白色沉淀分析; C、根据硫酸钠、硫酸能与氯化钡反应生成白色沉淀分析; D、根据 NaCl、NaNO3 都是无色溶液,不能与其他物质反应分析. 解答: 解:A、将溶液两两混合,由于硝酸银能能与其余三种物质反应生成沉淀首先鉴别出来,剩余的三种 物质中能与一种反应生成气体能与另一种物质反应生成沉淀的碳酸钠,与碳酸钠反应生成气体的是 盐酸,则另一种物质是氯化钡,都可以鉴别出来.故 A 符合题意; B、由于硫酸钠、碳酸钠都能与氯化钡反应生成白色沉淀,无法鉴别.故 B 不符合题意; C、由于硫酸钠、硫酸能与氯化钡反应生成白色沉淀,无法鉴别.故 C 不符合题意; D、根据溶液的颜色能首先鉴别出氯化铁,再鉴别出氢氧化钠.由于 NaCl、NaNO3 都是无色溶液,不 能与其他两种物质反应,无法鉴别.故 D 不符合题意. 故选 A. 参与本物业的竣工验收,并在物业移交接管时,与甲方办理物业管理书面交接手续;本物业交付使用后的质量标准.说课标就是要把课程标准中的课程目标(三维目标)作为本课题教学的指导思想和教学依据,从课程论的高度驾驭教材和指导教学设计。Grass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. Topromote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone "unspoken rules", formed all law law, abide by the good atmosphere. Tostrengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, strongly against violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality,and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases "third-party" hearings and supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution "for the officers not toead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play,good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse
点评: 本题考查了常见物质的鉴别,完成此题,可以依据物质的性质结合物质间的反应及反应的现象进行. 18.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)在托盘天平的两边各放一只烧杯,调节天平至平衡,向两烧杯中分别注入等质量、 等质量分数的稀硫酸(足量),然后向右盘的烧杯中放入一定质量的 Fe 粉,同时向左盘的烧杯中放入与 Fe 粉等质量的 Zn 粉,反应过程中可能出现的现象是( A.天平最终仍然平衡 C.天平指针始终偏向右盘 B.天平指针先偏向左盘,后偏向右盘 D.天平指针先偏向右盘,后偏向左盘 ) 考点: 金属的化学性质. 专题: 金属与金属材料. 分析: 金属活动性的强弱决定了化学反应的快慢,而等质量 的 Fe 和 Zn 与足量的稀硫酸反应时,所产生氢 气质量的多少是由金属的相对原子质量的大小来决定的,相对原子质量越大,最后所产生氢气的质 量越少,反之就越多. 解答: 解:在金属活动性顺序中,由于 Zn 的活动性比 Fe 强,所以与酸反应时,产生氢气的速率快,所以 开始时左盘质量轻,故天平的指针先偏向右盘; 等质量的 Fe 和 Zn 与足量的稀硫酸反应时,最终所产生氢气质量的多少是由金属的相对原子质量的 大小来决定的,相对原子质量越大,最后所产生氢气的质量越少,反之就越多.Zn 的相对原子质量 是 65,而铁的相对原子质量是 56,所以随着反应的进行,最终所产生氢气的质量是右盘多一些,所 以右盘质量轻,故天平指针最后偏向左盘. 故答案为:D 点评: 此题涉及天平与计算的结合问题,是考试中常见的题型,需要同学们结合的知识面很广. 19.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)除去下列各组物质中的杂质,所用的试剂和方法不正确的是( ) 物质 Cu(NO3)2 NaNO3 FeSO4 KNO3 杂质 CuCl2 CaCO3 CuSO4 KOH 所用的试剂和方法 加适量的硝酸银溶液,过 滤 加水溶解、过滤、蒸发结晶 加过量的铁粉,过滤 加 FeCl3 溶液,过滤 B.B C.C D.D A B C D A.A 考点: 物质除杂或净化的探究;碱的化学性质;盐的化学性质. 专题: 物质的分离、除杂、提纯与共存问题. 分析: 根据原物质和杂质的性质选择适当的除杂剂和分离方法,所谓除杂(提纯),是指除去杂质,同时被 提纯物质不得改变.除杂质题至少要满足两个条件:①加入的试剂只能与杂质反应,不能与原物质 反应;②反应后不能引入新的杂质. 解答: 解:A、CuCl2 能与硝酸银溶液反应生成氯化银沉淀和硝酸铜,然后过滤除去沉淀,能除去杂质且没 有引入新的杂质,故选项所用的试剂和方法正确. B、NaNO3 易溶于水,CaCO3 难溶于水,可采取加水溶解、过滤、蒸发结晶的方法进行分离除杂,故选 项所用的试剂和方法正确. C、铁粉能与 CuSO4 溶液反应生成 FeSO4 和铜,然后过滤除去沉淀,能除去杂质且没有引入新的杂质, 故选项所用的试剂和方法正确. D、KOH 能与 FeCl3 溶液反应生成氢氧化铁沉淀和氯化钾,能除去杂质但引入了新的杂质氯化钾,故 选项所用的试剂和方法错误. 故选 D. 点评: 物质的分离与除杂是中考的重点,也是难点,解决除杂问题时,抓住除杂质的必需条件(加入的试 剂只与杂质反应,反应后不能引入新的杂质)是正确解题的关键. 20.(2 分)(2013•湘潭)下列图象不能反映客观事实的是( )
A. 往 NaOH 溶液中逐滴加入稀硫酸 B. 往等质量的铝和镁中加入足量的稀盐酸 C. 往稀 HCl 和 CaCl2 的混合溶液中逐滴加入 Na2CO3 溶液 D. 等温条件下往接近饱和的硝酸钾溶液中不断加入硝酸钾固体 考点: 中和反应及其应用;饱和溶液和不饱和溶液;金属的化学性质;盐的化学性质. 专题: 元素化合物知识型. 分析: A、氢氧化钠溶液和盐酸反应生成氯化钠和水,氢氧化钠的 pH 大于 7,盐酸 pH 小于 7; B、镁比锌活泼,和盐酸反应速度铝大于镁,等质量的铝生成的氢气要比镁生成的氢气多; C、碳酸钠先和盐酸反应,碳酸钠和氯化钙反应生成沉淀; D、对一种溶液来说,当溶液达到饱和溶液时,溶质的质量分数达到最大值. 解答: 解:A、氢氧化钠溶液显碱性,pH 大于 7,盐酸显酸性,pH 小于 7,向 NaOH 溶液中逐滴加入稀盐酸 时,溶液的 pH 逐渐减小,当盐酸过量时,溶液的 pH 小于 7,故图象能反映客观事实; B、首先由于镁比铝活泼,和稀盐酸反应速度快,图象的斜率镁应比铝大,即应该陡一点;其次根据 化学方程式可知等质量的铝生成的氢气要比镁生成的氢气多,图象的终点应该铝比镁高,故图象能 反映客观事实; C、首先碳酸钠和盐酸反应,此时不产生沉淀;盐酸反应完后再加碳酸钠溶液,碳酸钠和氯化钙反应 生成碳酸钙沉淀;当氯化钙反应完后,再加碳酸钠溶液,不再产生沉淀,故图象不能反映客观事实; D、根据题目信息可知,对于接近饱和溶液来说,开始时溶液中溶质的质量分数不是“0”,也就是 参与本物业的竣工验收,并在物业移交接管时,与甲方办理物业管理书面交接手续;本物业交付使用后的质量标准.说课标就是要把课程标准中的课程目标(三维目标)作为本课题教学的指导思想和教学依据,从课程论的高度驾驭教材和指导教学设计。Grass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. Topromote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone "unspoken rules", formed all law law, abide by the good atmosphere. Tostrengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, strongly against violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality,and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases "third-party" hearings and supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution "for the officers not toead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play,good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse
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