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大问题哲学导论 英文原版.pdf
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Introduction Doing Philosophy
Beyond Buzzwords
Articulation and Argument: Two Crucial Features of Philosophy
Concepts and Conceptual Frameworks
Doing Philosophy with Style
A Little Logic
Deduction
Induction
Criticizing Arguments
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 1 Philosophical Questions
Philosophical Questions
Opening Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 2 The Meaning of Life
Opening Questions
The Meaning of Meaning
Children as Meaning
God as Meaning
Afterlife as Meaning
No Meaning at All
The Meanings of Life
Life as a Game
Life as a Story
Life as Tragedy
Life as Comedy
Life as a Mission
Life as Art
Life as an Adventure
Life as Disease
Life as Desire
Life as Nirvana
Life as Altruism
Life as Honor
Life as Learning
Life as Suffering
Life as an Investment
Life as Relationships
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 3 God
Opening Questions
Believing in God
Gods and Goddesses
The Traditional Western Conceptions of God
God as Transcendent
God as Immanent
God as Totally Immanent: Pantheism
God as Universal Spirit
God as Process
God as Transcendent Creator: Deism
God as the Unknown Object of Faith
God as a Moral Being
The Problem of Evil
Denial of God
Two Kinds of Evil
Denial of Evil
The Least of the Evils
The Aesthetic Totality Solution
The Free-Will Solution
Justice in the Afterlife
God’s “Mysterious Ways”
Working Out an Answer
Faith and Reason: Ways of Believing
The Cosmological Argument
The Argument from Design
The Ontological Argument
Rational Faith
Pascal’s Wager
Irrational Faith
Religious Tolerance: Ritual, Tradition, and Spirituality
Doubts
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 4 The Nature of Reality
Opening Questions
The Real World
What Is Most Real?
The Reality Behind the Appearances
Dreams, Sensations, and Reason: What Is Real?
The Basis of Metaphysics
The First Metaphysicians
Thales
The Pre-Socratic Materialists
Early Nonphysical Views of Reality
Plato’s Forms
Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Mind and Metaphysics
René Descartes
Baruch Spinoza
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Idealism
Teleology
Metaphysics and the Everyday World
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 5 The Search for Truth
Opening Questions
What Is True?
Two Kinds of Truth
Empirical Truth
Necessary Truth
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Presuppositions of Knowledge
Skepticism
René Descartes and the Method of Doubt
David Hume’s Skepticism
The Resolution of Skepticism: Immanuel Kant
Knowledge, Truth, and Science
The Nature of Truth
The Coherence Theory of Truth
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
Rationality
Why Be Rational?
Subjective Truth and the Problem of Relativism
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6 Self
Opening Questions
The Essential Self
Self as Body, Self as Consciousness
The Self and Its Emotions
The Egocentric Predicament
The Mind-Body Problem
Behaviorism
Identity Theory
Functionalism
The Self as a Choice
No Self, Many Selves
The Self as Social
Self and Relationships
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 7 Freedom
Opening Questions
Freedom and the Good Life
Why Is Freedom So Important to Us?
What Is Freedom?
Free Will and Determinism
Determinism Versus Indeterminism
The Role of Consciousness
Soft Determinism
In Defense of Freedom
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 8 Morality and the Good Life
Opening Questions
The Good Life
Hedonism
Success
Asceticism
Freedom
Power and Creativity
Religion
Happiness
Egoism Versus Altruism
Morality and Theories of Morality
Duty-Defined Morality
Immanuel Kant and the Authority of Reason
Consequentialist Theories
Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Aristotle and the Ethics of Virtue
Morality—Relative or Absolute?
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Attack on Morality
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Justice and the Good Society
Opening Questions
Morals and Society
The Nature of Society
Who Should Rule? The Question of Legitimacy
Anarchism, the Free Market, and the Need for Government
What Is Justice?
The Meaning of Equality
The Origins of Justice and the Social Contract
Rights and the Self
Libertarianism
Liberalism
Communitarianism
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 10 Philosophy, Sex, Race, and Culture
Opening Questions
Expanding the Philosophical Canon
Beyond the Western Tradition
Other Cultures, Other Philosophies
South Asian Philosophy
East Asian Philosophy
The Middle East
Latin American Philosophy
Native American and African Philosophy
Sexual Politics: The Rise of Feminist Philosophy
Women and the Body
Plato: Patriarch or Early Feminist?
Reason Versus Passion in Ethics: The Ethics of Care
Feminist Epistemology and Feminist Science
Feminist Philosophy of Language
The Revival of African American Philosophy
Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 11 Beauty
Opening Questions
Beauty and Truth
Enjoying Tragedy
Arguing About Taste
Art, Ethics, and Religion
The Aesthetics of Popular Culture and Everyday Life
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Appendix A: Writing Philosophy
Opening Questions
The Rules of Good Writing in Philosophy
Organize
Write Simply
Be Clear
Be Human
Use Examples
Argue Your Point
Consider the Objections and Alternatives
Define Your Specialized Terms
Use the History of Philosophy
Indirect Styles
Dialogue Style
Ironic Style
Aphoristic Style
Appendix B: Deductive Logic Valid Argument Forms
Appendix C: Common Informal Fallacies
Informal Fallacies
Glossary
Index
The Big Questions
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The Big Questions
A Short Introduction to Philosophy
Eighth Editionﱠ
ROBERT C. SOLOMON
University of Texas at Austin
KATHLEEN M. HIGGINS
University of Texas at Austin
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The Big Questions: A Short
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Robert C. Solomon and
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Contents
Preface
Introduction Doing Philosophy
Beyond Buzzwords 4
Articulation and Argument: Two Crucial Features
of Philosophy 5
Concepts and Conceptual Frameworks 8
Doing Philosophy with Style 13
A Little Logic
Deduction 16
Induction 17
Criticizing Arguments 20
Closing Questions 24
Suggested Readings 25
Chapter 1 Philosophical Questions
Philosophical Questions 28
Opening Questions 29
Suggested Readings 41
Chapter 2 The Meaning of Life
Opening Questions 43
The Meaning of Meaning 44
Children as Meaning 46
God as Meaning 46
Afterlife as Meaning 47
No Meaning at All 47
The Meanings of Life 50
Life as a Game 51
Life as a Story 52
Life as Tragedy 52
Life as Comedy 53
Life as a Mission 54
xv
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