Being Logical.pdf

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Cover

Preface

Contents

Part One—Preparing the Mind for Logic

1. Be Attentive

2. Get the Facts Straight

3. Ideas and the Objects of Ideas

4. Be Mindful of the Origins of Ideas

5. Match Ideas to Facts

6. Match Words to Ideas

7. Effective Communication

Don't assume your audience understands your meaning if you don't make it explicit.

Speak in complete sentences.

Don't treat evaluative statements as if they were statements of objective fact.

Avoid double negatives.

Gear your language to your audience.

8. Avoid Vague and Ambiguous Language

9. Avoid Evasive Language

10. Truth

Part Two—The Basic Principles of Logic

1. First Principles

The Principle of Identity

The Principle of the Excluded Middle

The Principle of Sufficient Reason

The Principle of Contradiction

2. Real Gray Areas, Manufactured Gray Areas

3. There's an Explanation for Everything, Eventually

4. Don't Stop Short in the Search for Causes

5. Distinguish Among Causes

6. Define Your Terms

7. The Categorical Statement

8. Generalizing

Part Three—Argument: The Language of Logic

1. Founding an Argument

2. The Move from Universal to Particular

3. The Move from Particular to Universal

4. Predication

5. Negative Statements

6. Making Comparisons

7. Comparison and Argument

8. Sound Argument

Conjunctive Argument

Disjunctive Argument

9, Conditional Argument

10. Syllogistic Argument

11. The Truth of Premises

12. The Relevancy of Premises

13. Statements of Fact, Statements of Value

14. Argumentative Form

15. Conclusions Must Reflect Quantity of Premises

16. Conclusions Must Reflect Quality of Premises

17. Inductive Argument

18. Assessing Argument

19. Constructing an Argument

The Truth of Premises

The Strength of Premises

Part Four—The Sources of Illogical Thinking

1. Skepticism

2. Evasive Agnosticism

3. Cynicism and NaÏve Optimism

4. Narrow-Mindedness

5. Emotion and Argument

6. The Reason for Reasoning

7. Argumentation Is Not Quarreling

8. The Limits of Sincerity

9. Common Sense

Part Five—The Principal Forms of Illogical Thinking

1. Denying the Antecedent

2. Affirming the Consequent

3. The Undistributed Middle Term

4. Equivocation

5. Begging the Question

6. False Assumptions

7. The Straw-Man Fallacy

8. Using and Abusing Tradition

9. Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right

10. The Democratic Fallacy

11. The Ad Hominem Fallacy

12. Substituting for the Force of Reason

13. The Uses and Abuses of Expertise

14. The Quantifying of Quality

15. Consider More Than the Source

16. Stopping Short at Analysis

17. Reductionism

18. Misclassification

19. The Red Herring

20. Laughter as Diversionary Tactic

21. Tears as Diversionary Tactic

22. An Inability to Disprove Does Not Prove

23. The False Dilemma

24. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

25. Special Pleading

26. The Fallacy of Expediency

27. Avoiding Conclusions

28. Simplistic Reasoning

Afterword

Index

About the Author

B E I NG L O G I C AL

Being Logical A G U I DE to G O OD T H I N K I NG D. Q. Mclnerny R A N D OM H O U SE i^MMl N EW Y O RK

Copyright © 2004 by D. Q. Mclnerny All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Being logical: a guide to good thinking / D. Q. Mclnerny. Mclnerny, D. Q. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-4000-6171-7 1. Logic. 2. Reasoning. 3. Thought and thinking. I. Title. BC71.M37 2004 160—dc22 2003058779 Text design by Mary A. Wirth Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Random House website address: www.atrandom.com 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 First Edition

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