Logarithmic Voltage-to-Time Converter for Analog-to-Digital Signal Conversion.pdf

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Preface

Contents

Abbreviations

List of Figures

List of Tables

Keywords

1 Introduction

1.1 Nonlinear Data Conversion

1.2 Motivation

1.3 Research Goals

1.4 Innovative Contributions

1.5 Document Structure

References

2 Nonlinear A/D Converters

2.1 Floating Point Converters

2.2 Logarithmic Converters

2.2.1 Logarithmic Pipeline Converters

2.2.2 Two-Step Logarithmic Converters

2.3 Piecewise Linear Converters

2.4 Oversampled Converters

2.4.1 Delta Converters

2.4.2 Sigma-Delta Converters

2.5 Nonlinear Conversion Using Pulse Width Modulation

2.5.1 Modified Integrating ADC

2.5.2 PWM Average Approximation

2.6 Nonlinear Conversion Using a Lookup Table

2.7 Other Architectures

2.8 Performance Metrics and Converter Testing

2.9 Conclusions

References

3 Logarithmic ADC

3.1 Proposed Logarithmic ADC Architecture

3.2 Voltage-to-Time Conversion Element

3.3 Regeneration Detection

3.4 Sources of Nonlinearity

3.4.1 Offset

3.4.2 S3 Switch Resistance

3.4.3 Regeneration Detection Circuitry

3.4.4 Thermal Noise

3.5 Architecture Variants

3.5.1 Multiple Simultaneous Conversions

3.5.2 Polarity and Magnitude Independent Conversion

3.6 Time-to-Digital Converter

3.7 Conclusions

References

4 Logarithmic VTC Design

4.1 Determination of Key Design Parameters

4.1.1 Sampling Capacitors

4.1.2 Total Transconductance

4.1.3 Degeneration Resistors

4.1.4 Sampling Switches

4.1.5 Regeneration Detection

4.2 Simulaton Results

4.2.1 Process Variations

4.2.2 Input Referred Noise and Offset

4.3 Conclusions

Reference

5 Circuit and Layout Level Validation

5.1 Configuration Chain

5.2 Frequency Divider

5.3 Frequency Output Pad

5.4 Voltage-to-Time Conversion Elements

5.5 Phase Generator

5.6 Programmable Delay Block

5.7 Common Mode Voltage Effect on the Regeneration Detection Voltage

5.8 Demonstrator Integrated Circuit Layout

5.9 Simulation Results

5.10 Conclusions

6 Evaluation of the Prototype

6.1 Test Platform

6.2 Test Description

6.3 Experimental Results

6.3.1 Performance Comparison

6.4 Input Range Limitation

6.5 Conclusions

References

7 Future Work and Conclusions

7.1 Conclusions

7.2 Future Work

7.2.1 Calibration

7.3 Improved Conversion Method

References

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 558 Mauro Santos Jorge Guilherme Nuno Horta Logarithmic Voltage-to-Time Converter for Analog-to-Digital Signal Conversion

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Volume 558 Series Editors Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, München, Germany Jiming Chen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Shanben Chen, Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Rüdiger Dillmann, Humanoids and Intelligent Systems Lab, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China Gianluigi Ferrari, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain Sandra Hirche, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science, Technische Universität München, München, Germany Faryar Jabbari, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Trafﬁc Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Alaa Khamis, German University in Egypt El Tagamoa El Khames, New Cairo City, Egypt Torsten Kroeger, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Qilian Liang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA Ferran Martin, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Tan Cher Ming, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Wolfgang Minker, Institute of Information Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Pradeep Misra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA Sebastian Möller, Quality and Usability Lab, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany Subhas Mukhopadhyay, School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand Cun-Zheng Ning, Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Toyoaki Nishida, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan Federica Pascucci, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy Yong Qin, State Key Laboratory of Rail Trafﬁc Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Gan Woon Seng, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Joachim Speidel, Institute of Telecommunications, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Germano Veiga, Campus da FEUP, INESC Porto, Porto, Portugal Haitao Wu, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, NC, USA

The book series Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) publishes the latest developments in Electrical Engineering - quickly, informally and in high quality. While original research reported in proceedings and monographs has traditionally formed the core of LNEE, we also encourage authors to submit books devoted to supporting student education and professional training in the various ﬁelds and applications areas of electrical engineering. The series cover classical and emerging topics concerning: Communication Engineering, Information Theory and Networks Electronics Engineering and Microelectronics Signal, Image and Speech Processing Wireless and Mobile Communication Circuits and Systems Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Electrical Machines Electro-optical Engineering Instrumentation Engineering Avionics Engineering Control Systems Internet-of-Things and Cybersecurity Biomedical Devices, MEMS and NEMS For general information about this book series, comments or suggestions, please contact leontina. dicecco@springer.com. To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the Publishing Editor in your country: China Jasmine Dou, Associate Editor (jasmine.dou@springer.com) India Swati Meherishi, Executive Editor (swati.meherishi@springer.com) Aninda Bose, Senior Editor (aninda.bose@springer.com) Japan Takeyuki Yonezawa, Editorial Director (takeyuki.yonezawa@springer.com) South Korea Smith (Ahram) Chae, Editor (smith.chae@springer.com) Southeast Asia Ramesh Nath Premnath, Editor (ramesh.premnath@springer.com) USA, Canada: Michael Luby, Senior Editor (michael.luby@springer.com) All other Countries: Leontina Di Cecco, Senior Editor (leontina.dicecco@springer.com) Christoph Baumann, Executive Editor (christoph.baumann@springer.com) ** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings, EI-Compendex, SCOPUS, MetaPress, Web of Science and Springerlink ** More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7818

Mauro Santos Jorge Guilherme Nuno Horta Logarithmic Voltage-to-Time Converter for Analog-to-Digital Signal Conversion 123

Mauro Santos Synopsys Portugal Lda Porto Salvo, Portugal Nuno Horta Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico Lisbon, Portugal Jorge Guilherme Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Politecnico Tomar Lisbon, Portugal ISSN 1876-1100 Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering ISBN 978-3-030-15977-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15978-8 ISBN 978-3-030-15978-8 (eBook) ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic) Library of Congress Control Number: 2019935487 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speciﬁcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microﬁlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afﬁliations. trademarks, service marks, etc. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To my parents, Leonel and Ana, and my wife Yu To Paula, Inês and Patricia To Carla, João and Tiago

Preface Data converters are a fundamental building block for many systems and are used for functions such as digitizing voice, image and wireless telecommunication signals among others. This is due to the enormous potential of digital signal processing nowadays, and without data converters, it would not be possible to have devices such as digital audio and video broadcast, digital cameras and mobile phones. Usually, the converters employed in those applications have a linear scale, and for most applications that is the proper choice, however, for some applications, a nonlinear conversion scale may be more appropriate. The work presented in this book belongs to the scientiﬁc area of analog-to-digital signal conversion and presents a novel logarithmic conversion architecture based on cross-coupled inverter. An overview of the current state of the art of logarithmic converters is given where most conventional logarithmic analog-to-digital converter architectures are derived or adapted from linear analog-to-digital converter archi- tectures; this implies the use of analog building blocks such as ampliﬁers. The use of such blocks requires additional circuit area and increases the total power con- sumption. It is also increasingly more difﬁcult to implement these required analog blocks in more advanced technologies due to the decrease of supply voltages, as there is less voltage headroom, in short doing the required analog signal processing in the voltage domain is becoming increasingly difﬁcult. The conversion architecture proposed in this dissertation differs from the conventional logarithmic architectures. There is no requirement to use analog blocks such as ampliﬁers, and part of the signal processing is done in the time domain. This part of the signal processing is not affected by the reduction in supply voltages and beneﬁts from the advances in integrated circuit manufacturing technologies. The signal conversion from the analog to the time domain is performed by a latched comparator or cross-coupled inverters. While these circuits are usually seen as digital parts, where only obtaining a decision within the allocation time matters, here the time required to reach a decision is the important feature. The study of this voltage-to-time conversion ele- ment the required blocks to perform the analog-to-digital conversion are almost digital blocks, and their speed and precision should beneﬁt from the advances of integrated circuit manufacturing technologies. is presented in this document. All vii

viii Preface A demonstrator prototype has been designed, simulated, integrated and tested. To test the demonstrator prototype, a fully custom test platform comprising custom test software and printed circuit boards has been developed. The demonstrator prototype achieves a sampling rate of 81.5 MSPS with the full conversion archi- tecture having an estimated ﬁgure of merit of 0.0426 pJ/conversion. The direction of future research is also identiﬁed and includes work such as integration of calibration in the voltage-to-time conversion element and work on an improved conversion architecture derived from the architecture proposed in this book. This work is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 1 presents a brief intro- duction with the motivation and context to develop and propose new data converter topology. Chapter 2 discusses the background and the state of the art of nonlinear A/D converters. Chapter 3 presents and discusses the proposed logarithmic analog-to-digital converter. Chapter 4 describes the design of the voltage-to-time converter. In Chap. 5, the circuit designed and the layout are both validated. Chapter 6 presents and discusses experimental results achieved from an imple- mented prototype. Finally, in Chap. 7, the conclusions are drawn and possible future research lines are outlined. Porto Salvo, Portugal Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon, Portugal Mauro Santos Nuno Horta Jorge Guilherme

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