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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN SIXTH EDITION J. DUNCAN GLOVER Failure Electrical, LLC THOMAS J. OVERBYE University of Illinois MULUKUTLA S. SARMA Northeastern University Australia ● Brazil ● Japan ● Korea ● Mexico ● Singapore ● Spain ● United Kingdom ● United States Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Power System Analysis & Design, Sixth Edition J. Duncan Glover, Thomas J. Overbye, and Mulukutla S. Sarma Product Director, Global Engineering: Timothy L. Anderson Senior Content Developer: Mona Zeftel Associate Media Content Developer: Ashley Kaupert Product Assistant: Alexander Sham Marketing Manager: Kristin Stine Director, Content and Media Production: Sharon L. Smith Content Project Manager: D. Jean Buttrom Production Service: RPK Editorial Services, Inc. Copyeditor: Warren Hapke Proofreaders: Martha McMaster and Shelly Gerger-Knechtl Indexer: RPK Editorial Services Compositor: MPS Limited Senior Art Director: Michelle Kunkler Internal Designer: Carmela Pereira Cover Designer: Itzhack Shelomi Cover Image: High voltage power lines and pylon, kstudija/ShutterStock.com; Picturesque Green Field and Blue Sky, AlinaMD/ShutterStock.com; Power high voltage tower, kstudija /ShutterStock.com Intellectual Property Analyst: Christine Myaskovsky Project Manager: Sarah Shainwald Text and Image Permissions Researcher: Kristiina Paul Senior Manufacturing Planner: Doug Wilke © 2017, 2012 Cengage Learning® WCN: 02-200-203 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956452 ISBN: 978-1-305-63213-4 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com/engineering. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Unless otherwise noted, all items © Cengage Learning. Printed in the United States of America Print Year: 2015 Print Number: 01 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

In loving memory of my mentors Professor Fred C. Schweppe [1933–1988] and Dr. Alexander Kusko [1921–2013]. You taught me, you guided me, you set the bar for which I continue to strive. You shall not be forgotten. My Guardian Poet[s] A guardian poet you have been to me Much like an angel, there protecting me When I was silent, lost in dark of night You read my words and brought me back to light You told me that my words were ever true That in my writes were thoughts profound and new You would not let me simply drift away A word of hope you’d send to greet each day Your name is there below each thing I write To tear dimmed eyes you brought a vision bright “The Queen of Passion,” how I love the name You gave to me and life is not the same To you, my Guardian Poet, thanks I bring You fool me not; I see your angel wing Eileen Manassian Ghali To Jo, Tim, Hannah, and Amanda Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Contents CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Preface xi List of Symbols, Units, and Notation xvii Introduction 1 Case Study: How the Free Market Rocked the Grid 2 1.1 History of Electric Power Systems 10 1.2 Present and Future Trends 17 1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure 20 1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering 21 1.5 PowerWorld Simulator 22 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 42 Fundamentals 31 Case Study: Key Connections 32 2.1 Phasors 40 2.2 2.3 Complex Power 47 2.4 Network Equations 52 2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 55 2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 63 2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 68 CHAPTER 3 Power Transformers 87 Case Study: Power Transformers—Life Management and Extension 88 3.1 The Ideal Transformer 95 3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 101 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. v

vi Contents 3.3 The Per-Unit System 107 3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 115 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 120 3.5 3.6 Three-Winding Transformers 125 3.7 Autotransformers 129 3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios 131 CHAPTER 4 Transmission Line Parameters 161 Case Study: Integrating North America’s Power Grid 162 Case Study: Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteries of North America’s Power Grid 167 4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations 173 4.2 Resistance 178 4.3 Conductance 181 4.4 4.5 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 181 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 186 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 188 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 196 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 201 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 204 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 206 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 210 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 215 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 218 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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