如何写SCI文章-论文写作常用句型与语法.pdf

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写作常用句型与过渡词语

1．表示开头的句型

2. 表示承上启下、段落发展的句型

3．用于结尾的句型

4．和词组有关的句型

5. 由形式主语it + that 引导的句子

6. 学术论文中常见的句式

与之相反的是。。。。

推断。。。。。可能的原因是。。。；理由是。。。

如何引用别人的研究结论，其他研究者，其他作者的成果

概括，总结，

阐明。。。。说明。。。。

并列意思的描述："and"一词连接

与。。。比较

同样地, 照样地, 又, 也n.同样地

部分地归因于……优先于

with respect to关于, 至于

图示说明：

描写范围：提高%，降低%.

结论：

有利。。。。；不利于。。

7. 语法和词态

写作常用句型与过渡词语英语的句型千姿百态，就像一个词可以有许多同义词一样，一种句型也可以有许多具有相同意思但不同模式的类型。我们只有对这些变化多端的句型千锤百炼，烂熟于心，才能在具体运用时应付自如，随意调遣。因此，在日常训练中，应多做一些句型之间的转换、不同句式的造句练习及相同句式不同意思的翻译等等。以下的就是各种并排的句型和造句。 1．表示开头的句型 ·with the of ..., we that ... development improvement rise growth recognition realization acknowledgement learn know see find feel 例文 With the development of traffic tools, the communication between us becomes more and more frequent. No matter where your friends and relatives live, it is always very easy to pay a visit to them if you would like. Therefore, when you meet an old friend on a strange street, you may exclaim: " Oh, what a small world." ·With the of economy, China has become increasingly prosperous rapid amazing marked development increase growth expansion 例文 With the help of the computer, this project was completed much earlier than planned. With a will of iron and a heart of love, Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate in India and around the world. ·Some people that... that..., while others believe say maintain advocate advise hold think claim say believe maintain think claim advocate argue propose 例文 Some people say the most important element to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if a man does nothing but wait for the chance to come will achieve anything but success. ·Now people in numbers are to growing increasing significan beginning coming realize recognize understand accept be aware that... 例文 Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit, which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money - making, has shaped our culture and 第 1 页共 26 页

influenced our ideals and aspirations as a people. For some time..., it has been... 例文 For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理)"drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. ·According to recent , there have occurred... survey poll study report research 例文 According to a Worldwide Wildlife Fund report, by 1970, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world-half of them in India. · as far as...is concerned When it comes to... In the case of 就……来说例文 In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. ·Researchers have that... established proved indicated shown declared claimed found announced made it known 例文 Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age. ·It has been that...人们发现，据报道，据估计 well known believed found proved reported estimated demanded agreed 例文 It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early froms of language. It is agreed, 第 2 页共 26 页

too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire. · A proverb says... As the old Chinese saying goes... Many people often ask this question... As we all know... As far as I know... 常言道…… 中国有句古话…… 许多人常提出这个问题…… 据我所知…… · Various views exist as to... It goes without saying... No one can deny that... There is no doubt that... We must recognize that... What is more serious is that... Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I believe that... 关于……有许多说法人们都承认…… 毫无疑问…… 我们必须认识到…… 更为严重的是…… 别人也许觉得这个主张是正确的,但我不,我认为…… · We might marvel at the In spite of/despite great giant extraordinary tremendous made in progress stride advance science and technology nearly every field , but...remain basically unchanged the same as it was as...as ever they were 例文 We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. · “...” how often we hear as this such we are used to hearing many people have heard statement words complaint ·“...”That's how one college student official housewife father ... described commented complained criticized 例文 "All I have learnt in college is junk." -- That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills. ask · “Why pose raise ...？”Many people often the question like this do have 例文第 3 页共 26 页

"Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?" Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in morality, it has made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology. · Perhap of... the ， we should it is time to rethink reexamine have a fresh look at s Maybe idea value attitude wisdom desirability ·One of the biggest issues hottest topics most popular things most serious problems many people talk complain argue about now is ... 例文 One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order: that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True, these are the problems posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural workers have made to the city's development and prosperity? ·One of the today is ... our problems questions facing confronting nation society world searching burning pressing interesting exciting urgent 例文 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decision our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity. ·There is a public general much considerable debate discussion controversy argument nowadays today at present concerning on about over as to the problem of .... Those who ... criticize oppose object to contend argue say maintain that... · Now , the most Perhaps Nowadays dangerous undesirable harmful. for our is the nation society world trend tendency phenomenon 第 4 页共 26 页

college in... of ... which is apparent obvious evident pervasive rampant under way 例文 perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for official services, they now demand land rights, stock certificates, and even directly dollars. that... ·All the reliable data statistic evidence scientific observations available information undoubted facts pile up to show justify points to lend support to fact view 例文 All available evidence points to the fact that more and more young people are declaring their allegiance to traditional values. Traditional weddings seem to be making a comeback, for example. But this is only a partial, not a complete, reversal. ·One may to... the attribute ascribe owe increase decrease change ·These factors, coupled with the growth change recognition realization of… lead to ... contribute to result in help ... for against in favor of · Many factors weigh affect heavily greatly Various Several 例文 Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any study is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out with effective contact with their fellow scientists. rise in ·Recently the phenomenon of problem of questions of drawn/aroused caused// aroused loomed up ... has public/popular/grave/ wide/general/considerable 例文 world-wide attention/concern 第 5 页共 26 页

Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may arouse even more anxiety than fear of death. ·In recent few years the past few decades , there is has been a sharp/ marked / sudden / dramatic increase / growth/ rise / decline astonishing / increasing / sizable number/ percentage/ proportion / population in ... of ... 例文 In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future. · Recently Nowadays Currently In the past few years So far , there has been a general widespread growing widely-held that ... concern worry realization belief trend feeling attitude ·Recently the of ... has been problem issue question in the limelight/brought into focus brought public attention posed among the general public 例文 The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale. · think of ... ? How do you What do you Do you ever see ... ? How do you What do you Do you ever ·In answer reply to these questions, we must... 例文 How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school? How do we measure success in education? How does education affect not only labour skills but the quality of life? In seeking answers to such questions, there is much room —— indeed necessity —— for consideration and 第 6 页共 26 页

robust debate. ·They believe that ... But people who advocate favour ..., on the other hand, maintain assert that... 例文 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people. this point, let us consider ask why look first at develop argument ·To illustrate prove show ·There is/ are a common belief that reason why a popular belief that many factors that no denying that 例文 There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling? ·It is a curious interesting unusual considerable tremendous It is natural interesting paradox discovery finding that ... . for ... to ... 例文 It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. · Many authors have argued for ... We find/ feel/ know that 第 7 页共 26 页

例文 Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise. that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. · The question of whether war is inevitable The concept/ question of "environment" The significance/ importance of ... is ... 例文 The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. 2. 表示承上启下、段落发展的句型 ·My may be expressed as follows: idea opinion view reason viewpoint plan ·We may ·The · There are cite quote mention take point out have possess opinion idea view theory various many different several a number of a variety of a great many an single common another additional extra further supported proved born out may be example of by facts details statistics the fact that effects causes reasons implications views arguments for this sharp dramatic marked significant extraordinary decrease fall growth change decline increase in … Firstly …, Secondly …, Finally …, 例文 Every sword has two blades. Problems do exist in some college students' two-day weekend. Some Lazy students may spend most of the time sleeping, doing nothing else. Some may he addicted to playing cards, drinking, leaving their homework far away. Therefore, the two-day weekend can bring nothing useful to them. 第 8 页共 26 页

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