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practical model- based testing
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practical model- based testing a tools approach Mark Utting Bruno Legeard AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier
Denise E. M. Penrose George Morrison Mary E. James Marilyn E. Rash Yvo Design VTeX Joan M. Flaherty Carol Leyba Ted Laux Sheridan Books Phoenix Color Corp. Publisher Publishing Services Manager Assistant Editor Project Manager Cover Design Composition and Illustrations Copyeditor Proofreader Indexer Interior printer Cover printer Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier. 500 Sansome Street, Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94111 This book is printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks. In all instances in which Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, scanning, or otherwise—without prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage http://elsevier.com, by select- ing “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Utting, Mark. Practical model-based testing : a tools approach / Mark Utting, Bruno Legeard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-12-372501-1 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-12-372501-1 (alk. paper) 1. Computer software—Testing. 2. Computer software—Testing— Automation. I. Legeard, Bruno. II. Title. QA76.76.T48U98 2006 005.3028’7–dc22 2006034511 ISBN 13: 978-0-12-372501-1 ISBN 10: 0-12-372501-1 For information on all Morgan Kaufmann publications, visit our Web site at www.mkp.com or www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States of America 06 07 08 09 10 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to the memory of Julien Orsat, an enthusiastic practitioner of model-based testing and valued employee of LEIRIOS Technologies, whose life was tragically cut short on the icy roads of Franche-Comté on December 28, 2005.
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contents xiii Preface About the Authors 1 The Challenge 1 xix 1.1 What Do We Mean by Testing? 3 1.2 What Is Model-Based Testing? 6 1.3 A Smart Card Example 10 1.4 Summary 1.5 Further Reading 17 17 2 The Pain and the Gain 19 19 2.1 Classic Testing Processes 35 40 41 vii 20 2.1.1 A Manual Testing Process 2.1.2 A Capture/Replay Testing Process 2.1.3 A Script-Based Testing Process 2.1.4 A Keyword-Driven Automated Testing Process 2.1.5 Solved and Remaining Problems 26 23 22 25 24 2.2 The Model-Based Testing Process 2.3 Models: Build or Borrow? 2.4 Your Maturity Level 33 31 2.4.1 Your Testing Maturity Level 2.4.2 Your Modeling Maturity Level 33 34 2.5 Hypothetical Case: Total Testing Hours 2.5.1 Assumptions 36 2.5.2 Conclusions 38 2.6 Model-Based Testing Experience Reports 2.6.1 Model-Based Testing at IBM 40 2.6.2 Model-Based Testing at Microsoft
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