The C Programming Language, second edition 英文版.pdf

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SECOND EDITION THE BRIAN W KERNIGHAN DENNIS M. RITCHIE PRENTICE HALL SOFTWARE SERIES

THE c PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Second Edition

THE c PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Second Edition Brian W. Kernighan • Dennis M. Ritchie AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kernighan, Brian W. The C programming language. Includes index. 1. C (Computer program language) II. Title. 005.13'3 Dennis M. QA76.73.C15K47 1988 ISBN 0-13-110370-9 ISBN 0-13-110362-8(pbk.) I. Ritchie, 88-5934 Copyright e 1988, 1978 by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneouslyin Canada. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. This book was typeset (pic Itbll eqnItroff -ms) in Times Roman and Courier by the authors, using an Autologic APS-5 phototypesetter and a DEC VAX 8550 running the 9th Edition of the UNIX. operating system. Prentice Hall Software Series Brian Kernighan, Advisor Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 ISBN ISBN 0-13-110362-8 0-l3-110370-9 {PBK} Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A. , Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Simon & Schuster Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro

Preface Preface to the First Edition Introduction Chapter I. A Tutorial Introduction 1.1 Getting Started 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions 1.3 The For Statement 1.4 Symbolic Constants 1.5 Character 1.6 Arrays 1.7 Functions 1.8 Arguments-Call 1.9 Character Arrays 1.10 External Variables and Scope Input and Output by Value Chapter 2. Types, Operators, and Expressions 2.1 Variable Names 2.2 Data Types and Sizes 2.3 Constants 2.4 Declarations 2.5 Arithmetic Operators 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators 2.7 Type Conversions 2.8 2.9 Bitwise Operators 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions 2.11 Conditional Expressions 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation Increment and Decrement Operators Chapter 3. Control Flow 3.1 Statements and Blocks 3.2 If-Else , Contents ix xi I 5 5 8 13 14 15 22 24 27 28 31 35 35 36 37 40 41 41 42 46 48 50 51 52 55 55 55

vi THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CONTENTS 3.3 Else-If 3.4 Switch 3.5 Loops- While and For 3.6 Loops- Do-while 3.7 Break and Continue 3.8 Goto and Labels Chapter 4. Functionsand Program Structure 4.1 Basicsof Functions 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers 4.3 External Variables 4.4 Scope Rules 4.5 Header Files 4.6 Static Variables 4.7 Register Variables 4.8 BlockStructure 4.9 4.10 Recursion 4.11 The C Preprocessor Chapter 5. Pointers and Arrays Initialization 5.1 Pointers and Addresses 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments 5.3 Pointers and Arrays 5.4 Address Arithmetic 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers 5.7 Multi-dimensionalArrays 5.8 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensionalArrays 5.10 Command-lineArguments 5.11 Pointers to Functions 5.12 Complicated Declarations Initialization of Pointer Arrays Chapter 6. Structures 6.1 Basicsof Structures 6.2 Structures and Functions 6.3 Arrays of Structures 6.4 Pointers to Structures 6.5 Self-referential Structures 6.6 Table Lookup 6.7 Typedef 6.8 Unions 6.9 Bit-fields Chapter 7. Input and Output 7.1 Standard Input and Output 7.2 Formatted Output-Printf 57 58 60 63 64 65 67 67 71 73 80 81 83 83 84 85 86 88 93 93 95 97 100 104 107 110 113 113 114 118 122 127 127 129 132 136 139 143 146 147 149 151 151 153

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