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Digital Image Processing
FOURTH EDITION
Rafael C. Gonzalez • Richard E. Woods
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Support Package for Digital
Image Processing
Your new textbook provides access to support packages that may include reviews in areas
like probability and vectors, tutorials on topics relevant to the material in the book, an image
database, and more. Refer to the Preface in the textbook for a detailed list of resources.
Follow the instructions below to register for the Companion Website for Rafael C. Gonzalez and
Richard E. Woods’ Digital Image Processing, Fourth Edition, Global Edition.
1. Go to www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
2. Find the title of your textbook.
3. Click Support Materials and follow the on-screen instructions to create a login name and
password.
Use the login name and password you created during registration to start using the
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This serial code can only be used once. This subscription is not transferrable.
IMPORTANT:
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D
igital Image
Processing
4
Global Edition
F O U R T H
E D I T I O N
Rafael C. Gonzalez
University of Tennessee
Richard E. Woods
Interapptics
330 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013
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© Pearson Education Limited 2018
The rights of Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Digital Image Processing, Fourth Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-335672-4,
by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, published by Pearson Education © 2018.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
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All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the
author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation
with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 1-292-22304-9
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-22304-9
Typeset by Richard E. Woods
Printed and bound in Malaysia
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To Connie, Ralph, and Rob
and
To Janice, David, and Jonathan
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Contents
9
Preface
Acknowledgments
The Book Website
The DIP4E Support Packages
About the Authors
12
13
1 Introduction
14
17
13
What is Digital Image Processing?
18
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
41
Components of an Image Processing System
19
44
23
2 Digital Image Fundamentals
47
48
Elements of Visual Perception
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Sampling and Quantization
Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels
Introduction to the Basic Mathematical Tools Used in Digital Image
Processing
83
54
57
63
79
3 Intensity Transformations and Spatial
120
119
Filtering
Background
Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions
Histogram Processing
Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
Highpass, Bandreject, and Bandpass Filters from Lowpass Filters
Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods
164
175
122
133
153
191
188
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6 Contents
4 Filtering in the Frequency
204
215
207
203
Domain
Background
Preliminary Concepts
Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled
Functions
The Discrete Fourier Transform of One Variable
Extensions to Functions of Two Variables
230
Some Properties of the 2-D DFT and IDFT
240
The Basics of Filtering in the Frequency Domain
260
Image Smoothing Using Lowpass Frequency Domain
Filters
Image Sharpening Using Highpass Filters
Selective Filtering
The Fast Fourier Transform
272
284
296
303
225
318
317
5 Image Restoration
and Reconstruction
A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration
process
318
Noise Models
Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only—Spatial Filtering
Periodic Noise Reduction Using Frequency Domain Filtering
Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations
Estimating the Degradation Function
Inverse Filtering
Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering
Constrained Least Squares Filtering
Geometric Mean Filter
Image Reconstruction from Projections
348
352
356
358
363
367
6 Color Image Processing
368
399
327
340
400
Color Fundamentals
Color Models
405
Pseudocolor Image Processing
420
Basics of Full-Color Image Processing
Color Transformations
430
429
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