Essential.SQLAlchemy.2nd.Edition.2015.11.pdf

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Table of Contents

Preface

Who This Book Is For

How to Use the Examples

Assumptions This Book Makes

Conventions Used in This Book

Using Code Examples

Safari® Books Online

How to Contact Us

Acknowledgments

Introduction to SQLAlchemy

Why Use SQLAlchemy?

SQLAlchemy Core and the SQL Expression Language

ORM

Choosing Between SQLAlchemy Core and ORM

Installing SQLAlchemy and Connecting to a Database

Installing Database Drivers

Connecting to a Database

Part I. SQLAlchemy Core

Chapter 1. Schema and Types

Types

Metadata

Tables

Columns

Keys and Constraints

Indexes

Relationships and ForeignKeyConstraints

Persisting the Tables

Chapter 2. Working with Data via SQLAlchemy Core

Inserting Data

Querying Data

ResultProxy

Controlling the Columns in the Query

Ordering

Limiting

Built-In SQL Functions and Labels

Filtering

ClauseElements

Operators

Boolean Operators

Conjunctions

Updating Data

Deleting Data

Joins

Aliases

Grouping

Chaining

Raw Queries

Chapter 3. Exceptions and Transactions

Exceptions

AttributeError

IntegrityError

Handling Errors

Transactions

Chapter 4. Testing

Testing with a Test Database

Using Mocks

Chapter 5. Reflection

Reflecting Individual Tables

Reflecting a Whole Database

Query Building with Reflected Objects

Part II. SQLAlchemy ORM

Chapter 6. Defining Schema with SQLAlchemy ORM

Defining Tables via ORM Classes

Keys, Constraints, and Indexes

Relationships

Persisting the Schema

Chapter 7. Working with Data via SQLAlchemy ORM

The Session

Inserting Data

Querying Data

Controlling the Columns in the Query

Ordering

Limiting

Built-In SQL Functions and Labels

Filtering

Operators

Boolean Operators

Conjunctions

Updating Data

Deleting Data

Joins

Grouping

Chaining

Raw Queries

Chapter 8. Understanding the Session and Exceptions

The SQLAlchemy Session

Session States

Exceptions

MultipleResultsFound Exception

DetachedInstanceError

Transactions

Chapter 9. Testing with SQLAlchemy ORM

Testing with a Test Database

Using Mocks

Chapter 10. Reflection with SQLAlchemy ORM and Automap

Reflecting a Database with Automap

Reflected Relationships

Part III. Alembic

Chapter 11. Getting Started with Alembic

Creating the Migration Environment

Configuring the Migration Environment

Chapter 12. Building Migrations

Generating a Base Empty Migration

Autogenerating a Migration

Building a Migration Manually

Chapter 13. Controlling Alembic

Determining a Database’s Migration Level

Downgrading Migrations

Marking the Database Migration Level

Generating SQL

Chapter 14. Cookbook

Hybrid Attributes

Association Proxy

Integrating SQLAlchemy with Flask

SQLAcodegen

Chapter 15. Where to Go from Here

Index

About the Authors

2 n d E ditio n Essential SQLAlchemy MAPPING PYTHON TO DATABASES Jason Myers & Rick Copeland

SECOND EDITION Essential SQLAlchemy Jason Myers and Rick Copeland Boston

Essential SQLAlchemy by Jason Myers and Rick Copeland Copyright © 2016 Jason Myers and Rick Copeland. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editors: Dawn Schanafelt and Meghan Blanchette Production Editor: Shiny Kalapurakkel Copyeditor: Charles Roumeliotis Proofreader: Jasmine Kwityn Indexer: Angela Howard Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest June 2008: December 2015: First Edition Second Edition Revision History for the Second Edition 2015-11-20: First Release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491916469 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Essential SQLAlchemy, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. 978-1-491-91646-9 [LSI]

Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction to SQLAlchemy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Part I. SQLAlchemy Core 1. Schema and Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Types 1 Metadata 3 Tables 4 Columns 5 Keys and Constraints 6 Indexes 7 Relationships and ForeignKeyConstraints 7 Persisting the Tables 9 2. Working with Data via SQLAlchemy Core. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Inserting Data 13 Querying Data 17 ResultProxy 18 Controlling the Columns in the Query 20 Ordering 20 Limiting 21 Built-In SQL Functions and Labels 22 Filtering 24 ClauseElements 25 Operators 26 iii

Boolean Operators 27 Conjunctions 27 Updating Data 28 Deleting Data 29 Joins 31 Aliases 32 Grouping 33 Chaining 34 Raw Queries 35 3. Exceptions and Transactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Exceptions 37 AttributeError 38 IntegrityError 40 Handling Errors 41 Transactions 43 4. Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Testing with a Test Database 51 Using Mocks 58 5. Reflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Reflecting Individual Tables 63 Reflecting a Whole Database 66 Query Building with Reflected Objects 66 Part II. SQLAlchemy ORM 6. Defining Schema with SQLAlchemy ORM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Defining Tables via ORM Classes 71 Keys, Constraints, and Indexes 73 Relationships 74 Persisting the Schema 75 7. Working with Data via SQLAlchemy ORM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 The Session 77 Inserting Data 80 Querying Data 83 Controlling the Columns in the Query 86 Ordering 86 Limiting 87 iv | Table of Contents

Built-In SQL Functions and Labels 88 Filtering 89 Operators 90 Boolean Operators 92 Conjunctions 92 Updating Data 93 Deleting Data 94 Joins 97 Grouping 98 Chaining 99 Raw Queries 101 8. Understanding the Session and Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 The SQLAlchemy Session 105 Session States 105 Exceptions 108 MultipleResultsFound Exception 108 DetachedInstanceError 110 Transactions 112 9. Testing with SQLAlchemy ORM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Testing with a Test Database 121 Using Mocks 130 10. Reflection with SQLAlchemy ORM and Automap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Reflecting a Database with Automap 133 Reflected Relationships 135 Part III. Alembic 11. Getting Started with Alembic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Creating the Migration Environment 139 Configuring the Migration Environment 140 12. Building Migrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Generating a Base Empty Migration 143 Autogenerating a Migration 145 Building a Migration Manually 149 13. Controlling Alembic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Determining a Database’s Migration Level 151 Table of Contents | v

Downgrading Migrations 152 Marking the Database Migration Level 153 Generating SQL 154 14. Cookbook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Hybrid Attributes 157 Association Proxy 160 Integrating SQLAlchemy with Flask 166 SQLAcodegen 169 15. Where to Go from Here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 vi | Table of Contents

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