Practical Rf Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems.pdf

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Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Linear RF amplifier design— general considerations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Power gain definitions

1.3 Neutralization

1.4 Unilateral transducer gain

1.4.1 Unilateral figure of merit

1.4.2 Illustrative example: unilateral gain calculations

1.4.3 Amplifier design with single matching networks

1.4.4 Unilateral constant gain circles

1.4.5 Illustrative example: single- sided amplifier design

1.5 RF circuit stability considerations

1.5.1 What may cause RF oscillation

1.5.2 Stability analysis with arbitrary source and load terminations

1.5.3 Two- port stability considerations

1.5.4 Stability circles

1.5.5 Graphical forms of unconditional stability

1.5.6 Graphical forms of potential instability

1.5.7 Caution about multistage systems

1.6 Stabilizing an active two- port

1.6.1 Finding the minimum- loss resistor at the input of the device

1.6.2 Broadband stability considerations

1.7 Stabilization of a bipolar transistor

1.7.1 Examining the effect of lossless feedback

1.7.2 Device stabilization

1.8 The dc bias techniques

1.8.1 Passive dc bias networks

1.8.2 Active dc bias circuits

1.8.3 Feeding dc bias into the RF circuit

1.8.4 The dc bias circuit simulation

1.8.5 Filtering of dc bias networks

1.9 Statistical and worst- case analyses

1.10 Circuit layout considerations

1.11 Summary

1.12 Problems

2 Linear and low-noise RF amplifiers

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Bilateral RF amplifier design for maximum small- signal gain

2.2.1 Illustrative exercise: amplifier design for maximum gain, G

2.3 Multistage amplifiers

2.3.1 Cascading impedance- matched stages

2.3.2 Cascading amplifiers by direct impedance matching

2.3.3 Output power and impedance match considerations of cascaded amplifiers

2.4 Operating gain design for maximum linear output power

2.4.1 Operating gain design outline

2.4.2 G versus P trade- offs

2.4.3 Stability considerations

2.4.4 Illustrative example: operating gain design for maximum linear power output

2.4.5 Output match considerations

2.5 Noise in RF circuits

2.5.1 Review of noise sources in RF systems

2.5.2 Two- port noise parameter definitions

2.6 Available gain design technique

2.6.1 Available gain design outline

2.6.2 Low- noise amplifier design considerations

2.6.3 Illustrative example: design of a single- ended 1.9- GHz LNA

2.6.4 Balanced amplifiers

2.6.5 Illustrative example: design of a balanced LNA for the 1.7- to 2.3- GHz frequency range

2.7 Comparison of the various amplifier designs and Smith chart ¨C based graphical design aids

2.8 Broadband amplifiers

2.8.1 Reactive match/ mismatch approach

2.8.2 Dissipative mismatch at input and/ or output ports

2.8.3 Amplifier- equalizer combinations

2.8.4 Feedback amplifiers

2.8.5 Distributed amplifiers

2.9 Summary

2.10 Problems

3 Active RF devices and their modeling

3.1 The diode model

3.2 Two- port device models

3.2.2 The bipolar transistor

3.2.3 The heterojunction bipolar transistor

3.2.4 The GaAs MESFET

3.2.5 The high- electron mobility transistor

3.2.6 Silicon LDMOS and CMOS technologies

3.3 Problems

4 Nonlinear circuit simulation techniques

4.1 Classification of nonlinear circuit simulators

4.1.1 Analytical methods

4.1.2 Time- domain methods

4.1.3 Hybrid time- and frequency- domain techniques ¡ª harmonic balance

4.1.4 Frequency- domain techniques

4.2 The harmonic balance method

4.3 Harmonic balance analysis of oscillators

4.3.1 Oscillator analysis using probes

4.3.2 Oscillator analysis using reflection coefficients of the device and resonant load

4.3.3 Oscillator analysis using a directional coupler to measure open- loop gain

5 High-power RF transistor amplifier design

5.1 Nonlinear concepts

5.1.1 Some nonlinear phenomena

5.2 Quasi- linear power amplifier design

5.2.1 The amplifier load line

5.2.2 Load pull methods

5.3 Categories of amplifiers

5.3.1 Class- A amplifier

5.3.2 Class- B amplifier

5.3.3 Class- F amplifier

5.3.4 Comparison of class- A, class- B, class- F, and other operational modes

5.3.5 Switching- mode amplifiers

5.3.6 Cascaded power amplifier design

5.4 Power amplifier design example

5.4.1 Transistor selection

5.4.2 Transistor characterization

5.4.3 Matching the input and output of the device

5.4.4 Harmonic tuning example

5.5 Bias considerations

5.5.1 Bias changes at the input

5.5.2 Bias changes at the output

5.5.3 Bias considerations with power devices

5.6 Distortion reduction

5.6.1 The importance of amplifier linearity

5.6.2 Operating the amplifier backed off

5.6.3 Predistortion

5.6.4 Feedforward cancellation

5.6.5 Device modification

5.6.6 System- level reduction of distortion

5.7 Problems

6 Oscillators

6.1 Principles of oscillator design

6.1.1 Two- port oscillator design approach

6.1.2 One- port oscillator design approach

6.1.3 Transistor oscillator configurations

6.1.4 Characterizing oscillator phase noise

6.2 Oscillator design examples

6.2.1 45.455- MHz Colpitts crystal oscillator design

6.2.2 Design of a 3.7- to 4.2- GHz voltage- controlled oscillator

6.3 Problems

7 Mixers and frequency multipliers

7.1 Mixer overview and their applications in systems

7.2 Diode mixers and their topologies

7.2.1 Single- ended mixer

7.2.2 Single- balanced mixer

7.2.3 Double- balanced mixer

7.2.4 The image problem in mixers

7.2.5 Harmonic components in mixers

7.3 Transistor mixer design

7.3.1 Active transistor mixers

7.3.2 Resistive FET mixers

7.3.3 Dual- gate FET mixers

7.3.4 Comparison of mixers

7.4 Frequency multipliers ¡ª an overview

7.4.1 Frequency doublers

7.4.2 Arbitrary frequency multiplication

7.5 Problems

8 Circuits in systems—radio system applications

8.1 Mobile telephony systems

8.1.1 Second generation mobile systems

8.1.2 Third generation mobile systems

8.2 Software- defined radio

8.2.1 RF digital processing

8.2.2 Digital processing of a wideband IF

8.2.3 Digital processing at baseband ( direct conversion)

8.2.4 Transceiver issues associated with software- defined radio

8.3 A 1.9- GHz radio chip set: design overview

8.3.1 The air interface specification for PHS

8.3.2 Component specification

8.3.3 Component design

8.4 Integrated system chips: an overview

8.4.1 RF receiver front ends

8.4.2 RF upconverters and transmitter driver amplifiers

8.4.3 Transceiver and complete radio solutions

8.4.4 Power amplifier modules

8.5 Conclusion

Appendix

Summary of Basic Formulas ¨C 1

Summary of Basic Formulas ¨C 2

About the Authors

Index

Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems Volume II Active Circuits and Systems

For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Microwave Library, turn to the back of this book.

Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems Volume II Active Circuits and Systems Rowan Gilmore Les Besser Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gilmore, Rowan. Practical RF circuit design for modern wireless systems/Rowan Gilmore, Les Besser. v. cm.— (Artech House microwave library) Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 2. Active circuits and systems ISBN 1-58053-522-4 (v. 2: alk. paper) 1. Radio circuits—Design and construction. 2. Microwave circuits—Design and construction. 3. Wireless communication systems—Equipment and supplies. I. Besser, Les. III. Series. II. Title. TK6560.G45 2003 621.384’12—dc21 2003048107 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Gilmore, Rowan Practical RF circuit design for modern wireless systems Vol. 2: Active circuits and systems.—(Artech House microwave library) 1. Radio circuits—Design 2. Wireless communication systems I. Title II. Besser, Les 621.3’8412 ISBN 1-58053-522-4 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner. Text design by Darrell Judd. ©2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in- cluding photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade- mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-522-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003048107 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To our wives, Nicole and Susan

Chapter 0 Contents Preface Acknowledgments Linear RF amplifier design— general considerations Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 Power gain definitions 1.3 Neutralization 1.4 Unilateral transducer gain 1.4.1 Unilateral figure of merit Illustrative example: unilateral gain calculations 1.4.2 1.4.3 Amplifier design with single matching networks 1.4.4 Unilateral constant gain circles 1.4.5 Illustrative example: single-sided amplifier design 1.5 RF circuit stability considerations Stability analysis with arbitrary source and load terminations 1.5.1 What may cause RF oscillation 1.5.2 1.5.3 Two-port stability considerations 1.5.4 1.5.5 Graphical forms of unconditional stability 1.5.6 Graphical forms of potential instability 1.5.7 Caution about multistage systems Stability circles 1.6 Stabilizing an active two-port 1.6.1 Finding the minimum-loss resistor at the input of the device 1.6.2 Broadband stability considerations 1.7 Stabilization of a bipolar transistor 1.7.1 Examining the effect of lossless feedback 1.7.2 Device stabilization 1.8 The dc bias techniques 1.8.1 Passive dc bias networks 1.8.2 Active dc bias circuits 1.8.3 Feeding dc bias into the RF circuit 1.8.4 The dc bias circuit simulation 1.8.5 Filtering of dc bias networks Statistical and worst-case analyses 1.9 xiii xvii 1 1 3 7 8 10 12 13 15 15 19 22 25 30 35 40 41 42 46 47 49 50 50 51 59 60 63 64 65 69 69 vii

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