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计算机视觉参考知道Computer Vision A Reference Guide.pdf
Preface
Editor’s Biography
Senior Editors
Section Editors
Contributors
A
Action Prototype Trees
Action Recognition
Active Calibration
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Active Camera Calibration
Active Contours
Active Sensor (Eye) Movement Control
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Active Stereo Vision
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Relation to Robotics and Mapping
Application
References
Active Vision
Activity Analysis
Activity Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
AdaBoost
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
AdaBoost as Stagewise Minimization
Application
References
Adaptive Boosting
Adaptive Gains
Affine Alignment
Affine Camera
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Affine Invariants
Concept
Affine Transformation
Affine Invariant
Affine Invariant Feature Detection
Normalization
Grassmannians
Correspondence
Noise
References
Affine Projection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Affine Registration
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
The Purely Geometrical Case
The Continuous/Functional Case
Application
References
Affordances
Affordances and Action Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Algebraic Curve
References
Algebraic Surface
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Application and Theory
Surface Fitting
Algebraic/Geometric Invariants
3-D Object Registration
References
Analytic Reflectance Functions
Animat Vision
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Consequences for Early Vision
The Importance of Eye Fixations
Theoretical Breakthroughs in Task Modeling
Open problems
References
Anisotropic Diffusion
Aperture Ghosting
Appearance Scanning
Appearance-Based Human Detection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Appearance-Based Human Tracking
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Methodologies of Appearance Models
Features Integrated
Representation Method
Acquisition and Maintenance of Appearance Models
Tracking Control and Search
Application
References
Appearance-Based Pedestrian Detection
Articulated Pose Estimation
Asperity Scattering
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Automatic Gait Recognition
Automatic Scale Selection
Automatic White Balance (AWB)
B
Backscattering
Bas-Relief Ambiguity
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Shadows and Shading
Existence and Uniqueness
Integrability
Generalizations
Application
References
Behavior Understanding
Bidirectional Texture Function and 3D Texture
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Histogram Models for 3D Texture
Appearance-Based Representations
Geometry-Based Representations from Computer Graphics
Application
References
Blackbody Radiation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
References
Blackbody Radiator
Blind Deconvolution
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Imaging Model
Probabilistic Formulation
Bayesian Inference Methods
Maximum A Posteriori and Maximum Likelihood
Alternating Minimization or Iterated Conditional Modes
Minimum Mean-Squared Error
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Sampling
Marginalizing Hidden Variables
Deconvolution Under a Gaussian Prior (MAP)
Application
Acronyms
References
Blur Estimation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
Methodology
Application
References
Blur Kernel Estimation
Body Configuration Recovery
Boundary Detection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Local Boundary Detection
Global Boundary Detection
Application
References
Boundary Extraction
BRDF Measurement
BRDF Models
C
Calculus of Variations
Calibration
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
References
Calibration of a Non-single Viewpoint System
References
Calibration of Multi-camera Setups
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Inward-Looking Cameras
Outward-Looking Cameras
Camera Networks
Application
References
Calibration of Projective Cameras
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Calibration of Radiometric Falloff (Vignetting)
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Camera Calibration
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Camera Extrinsic Parameters
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Camera Model
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Pinhole Camera Model
Thin and Thick Lens Camera Models
References
Camera Parameters (Internal, External)
Camera Parameters (Intrinsic, Extrinsic)
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Extrinsic Parameters
Intrinsic Parameters and Normalized Camera
The General Form of Perspective Projection Matrix
References
Camera Pose
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Camera Response Function
Camera-Shake Blur
Catadioptric Camera
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Classification
Central Catadioptric Configurations
Noncentral Catadioptric Cameras
Application
References
Catoptrics
Center of Projection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Pinhole Camera Model
Caustics
Generalized and Multi-perspective Imaging Models
Taxonomy of Generic Imaging Models
References
Change Detection
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Joint Probability Method
Gaussian Mixture Method
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Chromaticity
Related Concepts
Definition
Theory
References
CIE Standard Illuminant
Clifford Algebra
Clipping
Cluster Sampling
Coefficient Rule
Cognitive Agent
Cognitive System
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Cognitive Vision
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Color Adaptation
Color Appearance Models
Color Balance
Color Constancy
Definition
Background
Theory
Simple Algorithms
Additional Color Constancy Algorithms
Uniform Versus Nonuniform Illumination
Advanced Reflectance Models
Application
Experimental Results and Datasets
References
Color Difference
Color Discrepancy
Color Dissimilarity
Color Management
Color Model
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Color Model for RGB Color Signals
Color Model for Colorimetry
Color Model for Uniform Color Space
Color Model for Color Order System
References
Color Similarity
References
Color Spaces
Synonyms
Definition
Theory
Open Problems
References
Color Specification Systems
Compressed Sensing
Compressive Sensing
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Restricted Isometry Property (RIP)
Signal Recovery
Hardware Implementations
Implications for Computer Vision
Novel Sensors
Tailoring Vision Algorithms for Compressive Data
Beyond Sparse Models
Machine Learning and Signal Processing on Compressive Data
References
Computational Symmetry
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Basic Concepts
Crystallographic Groups
Frieze Symmetry Group
Wallpaper Symmetry Group
Motifs of Wallpaper Patterns
Application
Open Problems
References
Computer Vision
Computing Architectures for Machine Perception
Concept Languages
Concurrent Mapping and Localization (CML)
Conditional Random Fields
Contour Detection
Convex Minimization
Cook-Torrance BRDF
Cook-Torrance Model
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Directional Distribution
Microfacet Distribution
Geometric Attenuation
Spectral Composition
Fresnel Reflectance
RGB Values
Application
References
Coplanarity Constraint
Corner Detection
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Cross Entropy
Definition
Theory
References
Curvature
Synonyms
Related Concepts
References
Curvedness
Curves
Curves in Euclidean Three-Space
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Additional Problems
References
D
Data Augmentation
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Data Fusion
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Application
References
Deblurring
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
Methodology
Application
References
Deconvolution
Defocus Blur
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
Application
References
Dehazing
Dehazing and Defogging
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Problem Definition
Possible Assumptions and Solutions
Open Problems
References
Denoising
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Classes of Denoising Algorithms
Application
Experimental Results
References
Dense 3D Modeling
Dense Reconstruction
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Direct Methods
Indirect Approaches
Application
References
Depth Distortion
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Depth Estimation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Triangulation
Passive Correspondence Analysis
Active Correspondence Analysis
Coaxial Depth Estimation
References
Depth from Scattering
Depth Imaging
Descattering
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Methods
References
Description Logics
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Dichromatic Reflection Model
Definition
Background
Theory
Standard Dichromatic Reflection Model
Model for Inhomogeneous Dielectrics (Type I)
Extended Dichromatic Reflection Models
Model for Cloth (Type II)
Model for Metal (Type III)
Application
References
Differential Geometry of Graph Spaces
Differential Geometry of Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
The Metrical Description of Surfaces
Open Problems
References
Differential Invariants
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Basic Concepts
General Properties
Overview
A 1D Projective Differential Invariant
Wilczynski's Method
The Canonical Method
The Method of Determinants
Explicit Differential Affine Invariants
Explicit Differential Euclidean Invariants
Projection from 3D to 2D
Other Invariants
Accurate Differentiation
References
Diffuse Reflectance
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Computational Tractability
References
Diffuse Shading
Diffusely Scattered Reflectance
Diffusion
Diffusion Filtering
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Experiment
References
Diffusion PDEs
Digital Matting
Digitization
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Dimension Reduction
Dimensional Compression
Dimensional Embedding
Dimensionality Reduction
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
References
Dioptrics
Discrete AdaBoost
Discriminative Random Fields
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Discriminative Random Field (DRF)
Association Potential
Interaction Potential
Parameter Learning and Inference
Maximum Likelihood Parameter Learning
Pseudo-marginal Approximation (PMA)
Saddle Point Approximation (SPA)
Inference
Application
Experimental Results
Extensions and Related Work
Open Problems
References
Disocclusion
Distance Estimation
Dual Differential Geometry
Dynamic Optimization
Dynamic Programming
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
References
E
Edge Detection
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
References
Eigenspace Methods
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Learning Stage
Recognition Stage
Application
References
Eight-Point Algorithm
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Ellipse Fitting
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Least Square Fitting
Geometric Fitting
Algebraic Fitting
Voting-Based Techniques
Arc Finding-Based Techniques
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Ellipse Matching
EM-Algorithm
Environment Mapping
Epipolar Constraint
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Epipolar Geometry
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
General Form of Epipolar Equation for Any Projection Model
References
Error Concealment
Error-Correcting Graph Matching
Error-Tolerant Graph Matching
Essential Matrix
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Euclidean Geometry
Related Concepts
Definition
Historical Background
Theory and Applications
Synthetic Euclidean Geometry
Analytic Geometry: The Space Rn
Euclidean Geometry and Transformation Groups
On the Stratum of Euclidean, Affine and Projective Geometry
Perspective Transformations: Multiple View Geometry
Some Other Geometries Embracing Euclidean Geometry
References
Evolution of Robotic Heads
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Expectation Maximization Algorithm
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
History and Applications
References
Exploration: Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Observation
Data Association
Relocalization
Motion Estimation
Optimization: Filtering-Based SLAM
Time Update
Measurement Update
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-Based SLAM
Propagation of Uncertainty
State Prediction
Rao-Blackwellized Filter (RBF)-Based SLAM
Landmark Representation
Optimization: Keyframe-Based SLAM
Loop Closure
New Landmark Initialization
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Extended Gaussian Image (EGI)
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Extrinsic Parameters
F
Face Identification
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Applications
Feature Extraction
Classification
Face Identification Based on Other Types of Data
Benchmark Databases
References
Face Modeling
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Face Reconstruction
Factorization
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Extensions
Open Problems
References
Feature Reduction
Feature Selection
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Examples
Application
Open Problems and Recent Trends
References
Field of View
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Camera Models
Fish-Eye Camera Model
Catadioptric Camera Model
Application
References
Field of Vision
Filling In
Fisher-Rao Metric
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Fisheye Camera
Fisheye Lens
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Fluorescent Lighting
Definition
Background
Application
References
Focal Length
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Pinhole model.
Application
References
Focus Bracketing
Foreground-background Assignment
Fresnel Conditions
Fresnel Equations
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Fresnel's Law
Fundamental Matrix
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
G
Gait Analysis
Gait Biometrics
Gait Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Databases
Approaches to Gait Recognition
Model-Free Approaches
Model-Based Approaches
Experimental Results
Application
Open Problems
References
Gamut Mapping
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Gamut Clipping
Gamut Compression/Expansion
Spatial Gamut Mapping Algorithms
Memory-Color-Aware Gamut Mapping Algorithms
Open Problems
References
Gaze Control
Generalized Bas-Relief (GBR) Transformation
Generic Object Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Generically Describable Situation
Geodesic Active Contour
Geodesics, Distance Maps, and Curve Evolution
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Interesting Measures
Application
Open Problems
References
Geometric Algebra
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
The Conformal Model
Application
Open Problems
References
Geometric Calibration
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Camera Calibration with 3D Objects
Camera Calibration with 2D Objects: Plane-Based
Technique
Solving Camera Calibration with 1D Objects
Two Points with Known Distance
Three Collinear Points with Known Distances
Four or More Collinear Points with Known Distances
Self-calibration
Discussions
References
Geometric Fusion
Geons
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Related Work
Open Problems
Experimental Results: Computer Vision
Experimental Results: Human Vision
References
Gesture Recognition
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Vision-Based Gesture Recognition
Open Problems
References
Gradient Vector Flow
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
GVF
H
Hand-Eye Calibration
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
1980s
1990s
2000s
Application
References
Hazard Detection
Heterogeneous Parallel Computing
High-Performance Computing in Computer Vision
Synonyms
Definition
Background
References
Histogram
Definition
Theory and Applications
References
Human Appearance Modeling and Tracking
Human Motion Classification
Human Pose Estimation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
Open Problems
References
I
ICP
Illumination Estimation, Illuminant Estimation
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Methods
Shading
Cast Shadows
Specular Reflections
Color
Application
References
Image Alignment
Image Decompositions
Definition
Background
Theory
Image-Based Decompositions
Intrinsic Image Decompositions
Application
References
Image Enhancement and Restoration
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Image Inverse Problems
Image Mosaicing
Image Plane
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
References
Image Registration
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Features
Cost Function
Transformation Model
Optimization
Application
Open Problems
References
Image Stitching
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Applications
References
Image-Based Lighting
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Basis Functions
Application
References
Image-Based Modeling
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Image-Based Rendering
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
References
Image-Based Rendering (IBR)
Implicit Polynomial Curve
Implicit Polynomial Surface
Incident Light Measurement
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Methods
Spherical Probes
Hemispherical Imaging
Color Calibration Target
Application
References
Inexact Matching
Information Fusion
Inherent Optical Properties
Inpainting
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Application
From Texture Synthesis to Patch-Based Inpainting
The Role of Sparsity
PDEs and Variational Approaches
Combining and Extending PDEs and Patch Models
Beyond Single-Image Inpainting
Open Problems
References
Interactive Segmentation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Discrete Segmentation Functionals
Continuous Segmentation Functionals
Distance-Based Segmentation Methods
Some Open Problems
References
Interface Reflection
Interpretation of Line Drawings
Interreflections
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Intrinsic Images
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Application
References
Intrinsic Parameters
Intrinsics
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Inverse Compositional Algorithm
Definition
Background: Lucas-Kanade
The Inverse Compositional Algorithm
Application
References
IP Camera
Irradiance
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Isotropic Differential Geometry in Graph Spaces
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Iterative Closest Point (ICP)
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Ives Transform
K
Kalman Filter
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Experimental Results
References
Kalman-Bucy Filter
Karhunen–Loève Transform (KLT)
Kernel Estimation
KF
Kinematic Chain Motion Models
Kinematic Motion Models
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Forward Kinematics
Application
Kinematic Tracking
Model Estimation
Animation
References
L
Labeling
Lambertian Model
Lambertian Reflectance
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Extensions
Application
References
Lambert's Law
Learning from Partial Labels
Lens Distortion Correction
Lens Distortion, Radial Distortion
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Other Aberrations
Theory
Application
References
Lens Flare
Lens Flare and Lens Glare
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Measuring glare:
Application
References
Light Field
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Parameterization
Creating/Capturing Light Fields
Sampling
Compression
Application
Open Problems
References
Light Transmission and Reflection Coefficients
Line Drawing Labeling
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
Application
References
Linear Programming
Synonyms
Definition
Standard Form
Basic Solution
Duality
Integrality
Algorithms
Open Problems
References
Linguistic Techniques for Event Recognition
Definition
Background
Theory and Applications
References
Local Invariants
LP
Lumigraph
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Application
Lumigraph Capture
Lumigraph Organization
Completing (Resampling) the Lumigraph
Reconstruction and Display
Unstructured Lumigraphs
Open Problems
References
M
Machine Recognition of Objects
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Learning instead of design.
New image representations.
New statistical learning methods.
Application
References
Many-to-Many Graph Matching
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Related Work
Experimental Results
References
Matte Extraction
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Blue Screen Matting
Natural Image Matting
Video Matting
Application
Experimental Results
References
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Maximum Likelihood Estimator
Mesostructure
Methods of Image Recognition in a Low-Dimensional Eigenspace
Microgeometry
Micro Scale Structure
Mirrorlike Reflection
Mirrors
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
Open Problems
References
Mobile Observers
Definition
Background
Theory
Problems and Applications
Open Problems
References
MoCap
Model-Based Object Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Object Models for Recognition
Open Problems
References
Monte Carlo Annealing
Morphology, Form Analysis
Motion Blur
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Motion Capture
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Classification
Nonoptical Systems
Optical Systems
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Motion Capturing
Motion Deblurring
Motion Tracking
Multi-baseline Stereo
Definition
Background
Theory
Matching Scores
Occlusion Handling
Optimization
Depth Resolution
Application
References
Multi-camera Calibration
Multi-camera Human Action Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Multi-view Geometry-Based Methods
View-Invariant Representation-BasedMethods
Exhaustive SearchMethods
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Multi-focus Images
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Minimizing the Capture Time
Combining Multi-focus Images
Depth from Defocus and Focus
Extended Depth of Field
Application
Open Problems
References
Multimedia Retrieval
Multiple Similarity Method
Multiple View Geometry
Multiple View Stereo
Multiplexed Illumination
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Basic Multiplexing
Generalized Multiplexing
Application
References
Multiplexed Sensing
Multisensor Data Fusion
Multiview Geometry
Multiview Stereo
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
3D Shape Representation
Photoconsistency
Photoconsistency Volume Computation
Plane Sweep Stereo and Depth Map Fusion
Optimization Methods
Patch-Based Multiview Stereo
Efficient Multiview Stereo on GPUs
Benchmarks
References
Mutual Illumination
N
Network Camera
Noise Removal
Non-central Camera Calibration
Nonlinear Diffusion
Normalcy Modeling
Numerical Methods in Curve Evolution Theory
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Evolution Equations
Geometric Heat Equation
Level Curve Representations
Curve Shortening as a Semilinear Diffusion Equation
Recovering the Curve
Stochastic Implementation
Conclusions
References
Numerical Partial Differential Equations
O
Object Class Recognition (Categorization)
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Object Detection
Definition
Background
Theory
Invariance
Invariant Functions and Features
Latent Variables
Detection via Classification
Generative Models
Discriminative Models
Cascades
Pose Variables
Computational Methods
Sparse Features
Cascades
Coarse to Fine
Dynamic Programming
Application
References
Object Extraction
Object Models
Object Motion Blur
Object Parameterizations
Object Recognition
Object Representations
Object Segmentation
Obstacle Detection
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Sensors for Obstacle Detection
Data Structures for Obstacle Detection
Vehicle-World Interaction Models forObstacle Detection
Algorithms for Obstacle Detection
Open Problems
References
Occlusion Boundaries from Motion
Occlusion Boundaries from Stereo Matching
Occlusion Detection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Single Image
Multiple Images
Detecting Occlusion Areas via Pixel Matching
Detecting Occlusion Boundaries via Flow Cues
Detecting Occlusions During Object Tracking
Application
References
Occlusion Handling
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Occlusion Handling in Pixel Matching
Occlusion Handling in Object Tracking
References
Omnidirectional Camera
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Central Omnidirectional Cameras
Omnidirectional Camera Model and Calibration
Unified Model for Central Catadioptric Cameras
Unified Model for Catadioptric and Fisheye Cameras
Omnidirectional Camera Calibration
Application
References
Omnidirectional Vision
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Opacity
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Physical Processes
Beer-Lambert law
Refraction
Application
Alpha Matting
Tomography
References
Opaque
Optic Flow
Optical Axis
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Optical Center
Optical Flow
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Optical Flow Estimation
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Optimal Estimation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Maximum Likelihood with Implicit Constraints
Linear Reparameterization
Algebraic Methods
References
Optimal Parameter Estimation
Oren-Nayar Reflectance Model
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Osculating Paraboloids
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open problem
References
Osculating Quadric
Out of Focus Blur
P
Panoramic Camera
Panoramic Image Generation
Panoramic Stitching
Pan-Tilt Camera Calibration
Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) Camera
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Pan-Tilt-Zoom Camera Calibration
Parametric Curve
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Application
References
Parametric Surface
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Application
References
Partitioning
Penumbra and Umbra
Synonyms
Definition
References
Performance Capture
Perspective Camera
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Perspective Projection Matrix
References
Perspective Projection
Perspective Transformation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Phong Model
Phong Reflectance Model
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Photo-Consistency
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Examples
Advanced Photo-Consistency Functions
Visibility Estimation
References
Photogrammetry
Definition
Background
Methods
Relation to Computer Vision
Recent Developments
Application
References
Photometric Consistency Function
Photometric Invariants
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Reflectance model.
Lighting model.
Color or grayscale.
Sensor model.
Single point or multiple points.
Single image or multiple images.
Application
References
Photometric Stereo
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Integrability
Simultaneous Recovery of Shape and Light
Photometric Stereo with General Lighting
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Photon, Poisson Noise
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Picture Understanding
Piecewise Polynomial
Pinhole Camera
Pinhole Camera Model
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Planckian Locus
Synonyms
Definition
Background
References
Plane Sweeping
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Plenoptic Function
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
Plenoptic Cameras
Sampling and Compression
Multiview Displays
Application
Open Problems
References
Point Spread Function Estimation
Polarization
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Plane Wave Versus Photon Representation
Linear Polarization
Circular and Elliptical Polarization
Partial Linear Polarization
Alternative Representation
Stokes Vectors
Jones Vectors
Polarized Light in Nature
Reflection
Scattering
Application
References
Polarization Filter
Polarized Light in Computer Vision
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Polarization and Specularities
Polarization Imaging
Polarization and Reflection in Images
Outdoor Polarization Imaging
Application
References
Polarizer
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Polarizing Film
Principal Axis
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Principal Distance
Probabilistic Hill Climbing
Projection
Related Concepts
Definition
Projection Matrix
Projection Transformation
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Projective Reconstruction
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Homogeneous Coordinates
Ambiguity
The Projective Reconstruction Theorem
Theory and Applications
Two View Reconstruction
Computing the Fundamental Matrix
Projective Reconstruction Theorem
Extraction of Camera Matrices
Notes
Complete Projective Reconstruction Algorithm
The Normalized Eight-Point Algorithm
Three View Reconstruction
Minimal Configurations
Factorization Algorithms
Variants of the Method
Bundle Adjustment
Robust Cost Functions
Sparse Methods
Euclidean Update
References
Projective Structure and Motion
Prototype-Based Methods for Human Movement Modeling
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Prototype Tree-BasedMethod
Application
Open Problems
References
PSF Estimation
PTZ Camera Calibration
Pulling a Matte
Purposive Vision
R
Radiance
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Radiometric Calibration
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problem
References
Radiometric Camera Calibration
Radiometric Response Function
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
Application
References
Rao Metric
Rationale for Computational Vision
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Open problems
References
Recognition-By-Components (RBC) Theory
Recovery of Reflectance Properties
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Representations
Acquisition
Gonioreflectometers
Camera-Based Systems
A Note on Bidirectional Texture Functions
Application
Open Problems
References
Reference Plane
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Reflectance Map
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Determining the Reflectance Map
Open Problems
References
Reflectance Models
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Lambertian Reflectance
Phong and Blinn-Phong BRDFs
Lafortune BRDF
Ward BRDF
Microfacet BRDFs
More Complex Analytic BRDFs
References
Reflection Mapping
Reflectometry
Relation Between Objects and Their Digital Images
Relief Texture
Retina
Retinex Algorithm
Retinex Theory
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Retroreflection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Rigid Alignment
Rigid Matching
Rigid Positioning
Rigid Registration
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Weights and Correspondences in the Overlapping Area
Estimation of the Underlying Rigid Transformation
Summary of the Registration Algorithm
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
Synthetic Shape Generation
Performance Measurement
Results and Analysis
References
Rigid Transformation Estimation
Robot-Camera Calibration
Robust Clustering
Robust Methods
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Important Methods
Application
Open Problems
References
Robust Regression
S
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Scale Selection
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Scale Selection from -Normalized Derivatives
Relation to Frequency Estimation
Relations to Image Statistics
Scale-Space Signatures
General Framework for Defining Scale-Invariant Image Descriptors
Scale-Space Extrema
Discrete Implementation
Alternative Approaches to Scale Selection
Relations Between the Different Approaches to Scale Selection
Application
Interest Point Detectors with Built-in Scale Selection
Blob Detection
Corner Detection
Edge Detection
Ridge and Valley Detection
Feature Tracking
Image-Based Matching and Recognition
References
Scale-Invariant Image Features and Image Descriptors
Scene/Image Parsing
Schott Noise
Second Order Approximation
Segmentation
Semantic Image Segmentation
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Features Used for Pixel/Super-Pixel Classification
Incorporating Context
Datasets
Application
References
Semiautomatic
Semidefinite Optimization
Semidefinite Programming
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Sensor Fusion
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Shadow
Shape from Outlines of Projection
Shape from Scatter
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Mechanisms of Atmospheric Scattering:
Attenuation:
Airlight:
Application
Open Problems
References
Shape from Shadows
Definition
Background
Shadow Identification
Shadow Correspondence Problem
Open Problems
References
Shape from Silhouette
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
References
Shape from Specular Reflections
Shape from Specularities
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Shock Graph
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Shock Graph-Based Object Categorization
Indexing Shock Graphs
Matching Shock Graphs
Experimental Results
Open Problems
References
Shot Noise
Simulated Annealing
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Experimental Results
References
Single Viewpoint
Situation Graph Trees
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Representation
Application
References
Situation Scheme
Solid Texture
Space Curves
Sparse Coding
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Sparse Representation
Spatiotemporal Reasoning
Definition
Background
Theory
References
SPDE
Specular Highlight
Specularity, Specular Reflectance
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Spherical Camera
Splines
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Bézier Spline
B-Spline
Nonuniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS)
Spline Surface
Thin-Plate Spline (TPS)
Background
Application and Theory
References
Standard Illuminants
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Statistical Cooling
Statistical Independence
Definition
Theory
Application
References
Statistical Shape Analysis
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Active Shape Models (ASM)
Kendall's Shape Analysis (KSA)
Issue of Landmark Selection
Theory
Basic Challenge
Mathematical Representation
Elastic Riemannian Metric
Shape Comparison and Geodesics
Mean Shape
Shape Covariance and Principal Modes of Variation
Probabilistic Shape Models
Open Problems
References
Stochastic Differential Equations in Infinite Dimensions
Stochastic Partial Differential Equations
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Stochastic Relaxation
Structure-from-Motion (SfM)
Subpixel Estimation
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Subspace Methods
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Subspace Method
Process Flow of the SM
Mutual Subspace Method
Application
References
Superresolution
Surface Corrugations
Surface Orientation Histogram(Discrete Version of EGI)
Surface Reconstruction
Surface Roughness
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Surface Scattering
Surface Undulations
Surfaces
Surveillance Camera
SW Cut
Swendsen-Wang Algorithm
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Swendsen-Wang Cut Algorithm
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Symmetry Detection
Symmetry-Based X
T
Terminological Logics
Texture Classification
Texture Recognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Overview of Texture Recognition
Local Binary Patterns
Application
Summary
References
Thermal Radiator
Three Dimensional Descriptor
Three Dimensional Estimation
Three Dimensional Face Modeling
Three Dimensional Modeling from Images
Three Dimensional Reconstruction
Three Dimensional Shape Descriptor
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Three Dimensional View Integration
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
View Registration in the Context of View Integration
3D View Integration
Surface-Based View Integration
Volume-Based View Integration
Signed Distance Fields
Vector Fields
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Total Variation
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Tracker-Camera Calibration
Transparency
Transparency and Translucency
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
The Inverse Problem
Application
Physical Versus PerceptualModels
References
Transparent Layers
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Transportation Problem
Trichromatic Theory
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
Open Problems
References
Two Dimensional ConditionalRandom Fields
U
Underwater Effects
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs)
Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs)
Remote Sensing
Open Problems: Remote Sensing
Open Problems: Polarization
Experimental Results in Imaging
References
Underwater Light Field
Underwater Radiative Transfer Processes
User-Assisted
User-Guided
V
Variable Selection
Variational Analysis
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
References
Variational Method
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Functionals on vector spaces
Minimal surfaces.
References
Variational Methods
Veiling Glare
Velvety Reflectance
Video Alignment and Stitching
Video Mosaicing
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory and Application
Open Problems
Experimental Results
References
Video Mosaicking
Video Retrieval
Synonyms
Video Search
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
Open Problems
References
Video Search
View and Rate-Invariant Human Action Recognition
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
View-Invariance
Geometry-Inspired Approaches
Image-Based Approaches
Rate Invariance
Motivation
Rate Invariance in Gait Recognition
Decoupling Feature Variability from Rate Variability
Dynamic Time Warping
Open Problems
References
Vignetting
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Vignetting Estimation
Viscosity Solution
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Visibility Enhancement in Bad Weather
Vision-Based Control
Vision-Based Feedback
Visual Cognition
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
Visual Cortex Models for Object Recognition
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Object recognition is difficult
Models of the visual cortex
Computer Vision and the Visual Cortex: Fundamental Differences
Why Hierarchies
Scale and position invariance
Feed Forward vs. Back Projections
Discussion: Future
Closing the Performance Gap
Continuous learning of rich models
Integrating segmentation and recognition
A Greater Challenge: Vision and Evolution
References
Visual Hull
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Definition
Properties
Algorithms
Application
References
Visual Inference
Visual Patterns
Visual Servoing
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
Visual SLAM
Volumetric Texture
von Kries Hypothesis
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Theory
Open Problems
References
von Kries-Ives Adaptation
W
Weak Perspective Projection
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Orthographic Projection
Weak Perspective Projections
Paraperspective Projection
Affine Cameras
References
Weakly Supervised Learning
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Application
References
White Balance
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Open Problems
References
White Point
Wide Baseline Matching
Synonyms
Related Concepts
Definition
Background
Theory
Experimental Results
References
Wide Field of View Stereo Matching
Wide-angle Camera
List of Entries
Katsushi Ikeuchi
Editor
Computer Vision
A Reference Guide
1 3 Reference
Computer Vision
Katsushi Ikeuchi
Editor
Computer Vision
A Reference Guide
With 433 Figures and 16 Tables
Editor
Katsushi Ikeuchi
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
ISBN 978-0-387-30771-8
ISBN 978-0-387-49138-7 (print and electronic bundle)
DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-31439-6
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
ISBN 978-0-387-31439-6 (eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936288
c Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection
with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this pub-
lication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s
location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permis-
sions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable
to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica-
tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors
or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Computer vision is a field of computer science and engineering; its goal is to make
a computer that can see its outer world and understand what is happening. As David
Marr defined, computer vision is “an information processing task that constructs effi-
cient symbolic descriptions of the world from images.” Computer vision aims to
create an alternative for human visual systems on computers.
Takeo Kanade says, “computer vision looks easy, but is difficult. But, it is fun.”
Computer vision looks easy because each human uses vision in daily life without any
effort. Even a new-born baby uses its vision capability to recognize the mother. It is
computationally difficult, however, because the original outer world is made up of
three dimensional objects, while those projected on the retina or an image plane,
are of only two dimensional images. This dimensional reduction from 3D to 2D
occurs along the projection from the outer world to images. “Common sense” needs
to be used to augment the descriptions of the original 3D world from the 2D images.
Computer vision is fun, because we have to discover this common sense. This search
for common sense attracts the interest of vision researchers.
The origin of computer vision can be traced back to Lawrence Roberts’ research,
“Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids.” Later, this line of research has
been extended through Project MAC of MIT. Professor Marvin Minski, the then
director of Project MAC, initially believed that computer vision could be solved as a
summer project of an MIT graduate student. His original estimation was wrong, and
for more than 40 years we have been investigating various aspects of computer vision.
This 40-year effort proved that computer vision is one of the fundamental sci-
ences, and the field is rich enough for researchers to devote their entire research lives
to it. This period also reveals that the field contains a wide variety of topics from
low-level optics to high-level recognition problems. This richness and diversity were
an important motivation for us to decide to compile a reference book on computer
vision.
Lawrence Roberts’ research contains all of the essential components of the
computer vision paradigm, which modern computer vision still follows: homoge-
neous coordinate system to define the coordinates, cross operator for edge detection,
and object models represented as a combination of edges. David Marr defines his
paradigm of computer vision: shape-from-x low-level vision, interpolation and fusion
of such fragmental representations, 2-1/2D viewer-centered representation as the
result of interpolation and fusion, and 3D object-centered representation. Roughly,
this reference guide follows these paradigms, and defines the sections accordingly.
v
vi
Preface
The online version of the reference guide is intended to be developed continuously,
both by the updates of existing entries and by the addition of new entries. In this way,
it will provide the resources to help both vision researchers and newcomers to the
field be on the same page with the continuing and exciting developments in computer
vision.
This reference guide has been completed through a team effort. We are most grate-
ful for all the contributors and section editors who have made this project possible.
Our special thanks go to Ms. Neha Thapa and other Springer colleagues for their
assistance in the development and editing of this reference guide.
March 2014
Katsushi Ikeuchi, Editor in Chief
Yasuyuki Matsushita, Associate Editor in Chief
Rei Kawakami, Assistant Editor in Chief
Editor’s Biography
Katsushi Ikeuchi
is a professor at the University of Tokyo. He received his
B.E. degree in mechanical engineering from Kyoto University in 1973 and Ph.D. in
information engineering from the University of Tokyo in 1978. After working at the
MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow for 3 years, the MITI
Electro-Technical Laboratory as a research fellow for 5 years, and the CMU Robotics
Institute as a faculty member for 10 years, he joined the Institute of Industrial Science,
University of Tokyo, as a professor in 1996.
His research activities span computer vision, computer graphics, robotics, and
intelligent transportation systems.
In the computer vision area, he is considered as one of the founders of physics-
based vision: modeling image forming processes, using physics and optics laws,
and applying the inverse models in recovering shape and reflectance from observed
brightness in a rigorous manner. He developed the “smoothness constraint,” a
constraint to force neighboring points to have similar surface orientations. The
constraint optimization method based on the smoothness constraint, later referred
to as the regularization method, has evolved into one of the fundamental paradigms,
commonly employed in various low-level vision algorithms. In 1992, his paper with
Prof. B.K.P. Horn, “Numerical Shape from Shading with Occluding Boundaries,” was
the original paper to describe the constraint-minimization algorithm with the smooth-
ness constraint, [Ikeuchi K, Horn BKP (1981) Numerical shape from shading and
occluding boundaries. Artif Intell 17(1–3):141–184] and was selected as one of the
most influential papers to have appeared in the Artificial Intelligence Journal within
the past 10 years.
vii
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