Intuitive Analog Circuit Design.pdf

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0750677864

In memoriam

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Intended Audience

Text Outline

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction and Motivation

The Need for Analog Designers

Some Early History of Technological Advances in Analog Integrated Circuits

Digital vs. Analog Implementation: Designer’s Choice

So, Why Do We Become Analog Designers?

Note on Nomenclature in this Text

Note on Coverage in this Book

References

U.S. Patents

2 Review of Signal-Processing Basics

Review of Laplace Transforms, Transfer Functions and Pole-Zero Plots

First-Order System Response

Second-Order Systems

Review of Resonant Electrical Circuits

Use of Energy Methods to Analyze Undamped Resonant Circuits

Transfer Functions, Pole/Zero Plots and Bode Plots

Risetime for Cascaded Systems

Chapter 2 Problems

References

3 Review of Diode Physics and the Ideal (and Later, Nonideal) Diode

Current Flow in Insulators, Good Conductors and Semiconductors

Electrons and Holes

Drift, Diffusion, Recombination and Generation

Effects of Semiconductor Doping

PN Junction Under Thermal Equilibrium

PN Junction Under Applied Forward Bias

Reverse Biased Diode

Ideal Diode Equation

Charge Storage in Diodes

Charge Storage in the Diode Under Forward Bias

Reverse Recovery in Bipolar Diodes

Reverse Breakdown

Taking a Look at a Diode Datasheet

Some Quick Comments on Schottky Diodes

Chapter 3 Problems

References

4 Bipolar Transistor Models

A Little Bit of History

Basic NPN Transistor

Transistor Models in Different Operating Regions

Low-Frequency Incremental Bipolar Transistor Model

High-Frequency Incremental Model

Reading a Transistor Datasheet

Limitations of Hybrid-Pi Model

Chapter 4 Problems

References

5 Basic Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers and Biasing

The Issue of Transistor Biasing

Example 5.1: Biasing example

Some Transistor Amplifiers

Example 5.2: Emitter follower design example

Example 5.3: Peaking amplifier

Chapter 5 Problems

References

6 Bandwidth Estimation Techniques and the Method of Open-Circuit Time Constants

Introduction to Open-Circuit Time Constants

Example 6.1: Elementary OCTC example

Transistor Amplifier Examples

Example 6.2: Common-emitter amplifier (revisited)

Example 6.3: Emitter-follower bandwidth estimate

Example 6.4: Differential amplifier

Example 6.5: Design case study using open-circuit time constants

Chapter 6 Problems

References

7 Advanced Transistor Amplifier Techniques

Worst-Case Open-Circuit Time Constant Calculations

Example 7.1: Estimating bandwidth of common-emitter amplifier with emitter degeneration

Example 7.2: Gain of differential amplifier with emitter degeneration

High-Frequency Output and Input Impedance of Emitter-Follower Buffers

Example 7.3: Emitter-follower output impedance

Example 7.4: Emitter-follower input impedance

Bootstrapping

Example 7.5: Bootstrapping an emitter-follower

Example 7.6: Another bootstrapping design example

Short-Circuit Time Constants

Example 7.7: Short-circuit time constants design example

Example 7.8: Peaking amplifier revisited

Example 7.9: Common-base amplifier

Example 7.10: Current amplifier

Pole Splitting

Example 7.11: Pole splitting

Chapter 7 Problems

References

8 High-Gain Bipolar Amplifiers and BJT Current Mirrors

The Need to Augment the Hybrid-Pi Model

Base-Width Modulation

Finding Parameters from a Transistor Datasheet

Common-Emitter Amplifier with Current Source Load

Building Blocks

Example 8.1: Incremental input resistance of emitter-follower

Example 8.2: Widlar current mirror

Example 8.3: Widlar mirror incremental output resistance

Example 8.4: Current mirror error due to mismatched VCEs

Example 8.5: Design example—high-gain amplifier

Example 8.6: Another high-gain amplifier example

Example 8.7: Another high-gain amplifier example (revisited)

Chapter 8 Problems

References

9 Introduction to MOSFET Devices and Basic MOS Amplifiers

Some Early History of Field-Effect Transistors

Qualitative Discussion of Basic MOS Devices

Figuring Out the V/I Curve of a MOS Device

Curve of a MOS Device

MOS Small-Signal Model (Low Frequency)

MOS Small-Signal Model (High Frequency)

Basic MOS Amplifiers

Example 9.1: MOS amplifier design example

Chapter 9 Problems

References

10 Bipolar Transistor Switching and the Charge Control Model

Introduction

Development of the Switching Models

Reverse-Active Region

Saturation

Junction Capacitances

Relationship Between Charge Control and Hybrid-Pi Parameters

Finding Junction Capacitances from the Datasheet

Manufacturers’ Testing

Charge Control Model Examples

Example 10.1: Transistor inverter with base current drive

Example 10.2: Transistor inverter with voltage drive

Example 10.3: Nonsaturating current switch

Emitter Switching

2N2222 Datasheet Excerpts

Chapter 10 Problems

References

11 Review of Feedback Systems

Introduction and Some Early History of Feedback Control

Invention of the Negative Feedback Amplifier

Control System Basics

Loop Transmission and Disturbance Rejection

Stability

Routh Stability Criterion

The Phase Margin and Gain Margin Tests

Relationship Between Damping Ratio and Phase Margin

Loop Compensation Techniques—Lead and Lag Networks

Parenthetical Comment on Some Interesting Feedback Loops

Example 11.1: Gain of +1 amplifier

Example 11.2: Gain of +10 amplifier

Example 11.3: Integral control of reactive load

Example 11.4: Photodiode amplifier

Example 11.5: MOSFET current source

Example 11.6: Maglev example

Appendix: MATLAB Scripts

Chapter 11 Problems

References

12 Basic Operational Amplifier Topologies and a Case Study

Basic Device Operation

Example 12.1: Case study: Design, analysis and simulation of a discrete operational amplifier

Brief Review of LM741 Op-Amp Schematic

Some Real-World Limitations of Operational Amplifiers

Example 12.2: Op-amp driving capacitive load

Chapter 12 Problems

References

13 Review of Current Feedback Operational Amplifiers

Conventional Voltage-Feedback Op-Amp and the Constant “Gain Bandwidth Product” Paradigm

Slew Rate Limitations in Conventional Op-Amps

Basic Current Feedback Op-Amp

Absence of Slew Rate Limit in Current Feedback Op-Amps

Example 13.1: An admittedly very crude current-feedback op-amp discrete design

Manufacturer’s Datasheet Information for a Current Feedback Amplifier

A More Detailed Model and Some Comments on Current-Feedback Op- Amp Limitations

Chapter 13 Problems

References

14 Analog Low-Pass Filters

Introduction

Review of Low-Pass Filter Basics

Butterworth Filter

Chebyshev Filter

Bessel Filter

Comparison of Responses of Different Filter Types

Filter Implementation

Example 14.1: Design example: Fifth-order Chebyshev filter with 0.5dB passband ripple

Example 14.2: Design Example: 40-Hz Sallen-Key with Adjustable Q

Example 14.3: Design case study: 1-MHz low-pass filter

Example 14.4: Alternate design using Butterworth filter

Chapter 14 Problems

References

15 Review of Passive Components and a Case Study in PC Board Layout

Resistors

Comments on Surface-Mount Resistors

Comments on Resistor Types

Capacitors

Inductors

Discussion of Printed-Circuit Board Layout Issues

Approximate Inductance of a PC Board Trace Above a Ground Plane

Example 15.1: Design case study—high-speed semiconductor laser diode driver

Chapter 15 Problems

References

16 Other Useful Design Techniques and Loose Ends

Thermal Circuits

Steady-State Model of Conductive Heat Transfer

Thermal Energy Storage

Using Thermal Circuit Analogies to Determine Static Semiconductor Junction Temperature

Mechanical Circuit Analogies

Mechanical system: Electrical system:

Example 16.1: Using mechanical circuit analogies

The Translinear Principle

Input Impedance of Infinitely Long Resistive Ladder

Transmission Lines 101

Example 16.2: Transmission line calculation

Node Equations and Cramer’s Rule

Example 16.3: Using Cramer’s rule to solve simultaneous linear equations

Finding Oscillation Modes

Example 16.4: Finding oscillation modes using MATLAB

Some Comments on Scaling Laws in Nature

Chapter 16 Problems

References

Index

What's on the CD-ROM?

CD-ROM License Agreement

Intuitive Analog Circuit Design

Intuitive Analog Circuit Design A Problem-Solving Approach using Design Case Studies By Marc T. Thompson, Ph.D. AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier

Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thompson, Marc T. Intuitive analog circuit design. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-7786-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7506-7786-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Electronic circuit design. I. Title. TK7867.T48165 2006 621.3815--dc22 2005036750 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-7786-8 ISBN-10: 0-7506-7786-4 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America

In memoriam To my mother, Minnie Ann Thompson, who bought me my ﬁ rst transistors when I was a child. Dedication To Lisa and Sophie M., for your love and patience. The book is ﬁ nally done. Mazel tov!

Contents Preface ............................................................................................................xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Motivation .......................................................1 The Need for Analog Designers ...............................................................................1 Some Early History of Technological Advances in Analog Integrated Circuits ......2 Digital vs. Analog Implementation: Designer’s Choice ..........................................6 So, Why Do We Become Analog Designers? ..........................................................8 Note on Nomenclature in this Text ..........................................................................9 Note on Coverage in this Book ................................................................................9 References ..............................................................................................................10 U.S. Patents ............................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Review of Signal-Processing Basics ...........................................13 Review of Laplace Transforms, Transfer Functions and Pole-Zero Plots .............13 First-Order System Response ................................................................................15 Second-Order Systems ...........................................................................................23 Review of Resonant Electrical Circuits .................................................................33 Use of Energy Methods to Analyze Undamped Resonant Circuits .......................34 Transfer Functions, Pole/Zero Plots and Bode Plots .............................................36 Risetime for Cascaded Systems .............................................................................37 Chapter 2 Problems ................................................................................................38 References ..............................................................................................................42 Chapter 3: Review of Diode Physics and the Ideal (and Later, Nonideal) Diode ....................................................................43 Current Flow in Insulators, Good Conductors and Semiconductors .....................43 Electrons and Holes ...............................................................................................45 Drift, Diffusion, Recombination and Generation ...................................................48 Effects of Semiconductor Doping ..........................................................................53 PN Junction Under Thermal Equilibrium ..............................................................54 PN Junction Under Applied Forward Bias .............................................................57 vii

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