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Coupled CFD-DEM modeling to multiphase flows.pdf

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    Coupled CFd‐deM Modeling
    Coupled CFd‐deM Modeling ForMulation, iMpleMentation and appliCation to Multiphase Flows hamid reza norouzi reza Zarghami rahmat sotudeh‐gharebagh navid Mostoufi School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
    This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd First Edition published in 2016 Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Norouzi, Hamid Reza, 1985– author. | Zarghami, Reza, 1973– author. | Sotudeh-Gharebagh, Rahmat, 1964– author. | Mostoufi, Navid, author. Title: Coupled CFD-DEM modeling : formulation, implementation and application to multiphase flows / Hamid Reza Norouzi, Reza Zarghami, Rahmat Sotudeh-Gharebagh, Navid Mostoufi. Description: Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016025074 | ISBN 9781119005131 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119005292 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Computational fluid dynamics–Mathematical models. | Discrete element method–Mathematical models. Classification: LCC TA357.5.D37 N67 2016 | DDC 620.1/064015111–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025074 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover (background) image: Gettyimages/KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016
    To our families, for their continuous support and understanding.
    Contents About the Authors Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Multiphase Coupling 1.2 Modeling Approaches 1.3 Modeling with DEM 1.4 CFD‐DEM Modeling 1.5 Applications 1.6 Scope and Overall Plan 1.7 Online Content References Part I DEM 2 DEM Formulation 2.1 Hard‐Sphere 2.1.1 Equation of Motion 2.1.2 Collision Model 2.1.3 Interparticle Forces 2.2 Soft‐Sphere 2.2.1 Equations of Motion 2.3 Force‐Displacement Laws 2.3.1 Linear Viscoelastic Model 2.3.2 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Models 2.3.3 Comparison of Viscoelastic Force‐Displacement Models 2.3.4 Elastic Perfectly Plastic Models xi xiii 1 2 2 5 7 10 10 12 12 15 17 18 19 19 22 24 25 27 29 36 45 49
    viii Contents 2.4 Torque Expressions 2.4.1 Model A: Constant Torque Model 2.4.2 Model B: Viscous Model 2.4.3 Model C: Spring‐Dashpot Model 2.5 Boundary and Initial Conditions 2.5.1 Boundary Conditions 2.5.2 Initial Condition Nomenclature References 3 DEM Implementation 3.1 Computational View 3.2 Program Structure 3.3 Contact Search Algorithms 3.3.1 Definition of Problem 3.3.2 Cell‐Based Algorithms 3.3.3 Sort‐Based Algorithms 3.3.4 Tree‐Based Broad Search Algorithms 3.3.5 Fine Search for Spherical Particles Integration Methods 3.4.1 Single‐Step Methods 3.4.2 Multi‐Step Algorithms 3.4.3 Predictor‐Corrector Methods 3.4.4 Evaluation of Integration Methods 3.4 3.5 Spring Stiffness 3.5.1 Maximum Overlap 3.5.2 Collision Time and Maximum Contact Force 3.6 Wall Implementation 3.6.1 Definition of Wall Elements 3.6.2 Contact Detection 3.6.3 Moving Wall 3.7 Parallelization 3.7.1 Distributed Memory Parallelization 3.7.2 Shared‐Memory Parallelization Nomenclature References 4 Non‐Spherical Particles 4.1 Shape Representation 4.2 Kinematics and Dynamics of a Rigid Body 4.2.1 Euler Angles and Transformation Matrix 4.2.2 Equations of Motion 4.2.3 Quaternions for Rigid Body Dynamics 4.3 Superellipsoids 4.3.1 Contact Forces 4.3.2 Effective Radius and Curvatures 56 56 57 57 58 58 60 60 64 68 68 71 76 79 80 96 99 103 103 106 110 112 114 119 122 123 123 125 128 136 138 138 141 145 147 152 153 156 157 159 163 164 166 169
    Contents 4.3.3 Torque Calculations 4.3.4 Contact Detection 4.4 Multi‐Sphere Method Nomenclature References 5 DEM Applications to Granular Flows 5.1 Packing of Particles 5.1.1 Confined Packing 5.1.2 Pile Formation 5.1.3 Rigid and Flexible Fibers 5.2 Flow in Hoppers 5.2.1 Flow Patterns 5.2.2 Segregation 5.2.3 Discharge Rate 5.3 Solid Mixing 5.3.1 Mechanisms of Mixing and Segregation 5.3.2 Mixing Index 5.3.3 Rotating Drums 5.3.4 Tumbling Blenders 5.3.5 Shaft Batch Mixers 5.3.6 Continuous Mixers 5.4 Screw Conveying 5.4.1 Simulation of Screw Conveyor 5.4.2 Results of the Simulations 5.4.3 Literature 5.5 Film Coating 5.5.1 Phenomenological Models 5.5.2 Monte‐Carlo Method Nomenclature References Part II CFD‐DEM 6 CFD‐DEM Formulation and Coupling 6.1 Multiphase Coupling 6.1.1 Coupling Strategies 6.1.2 Types of Coupling 6.1.3 Interphase Interactions 6.2 Momentum Coupling 6.2.1 Single Phase Flow of Fluids 6.2.2 Fluid Resolution in CFD‐DEM 6.2.3 Unresolved Surface CFD‐DEM 6.2.4 Surface Force Decomposition 6.3 Energy Coupling 6.3.1 Governing Equations ix 173 174 178 184 186 189 189 189 192 194 196 197 199 201 203 203 205 209 220 223 229 234 237 238 239 241 243 244 247 249 257 259 260 260 262 265 267 267 274 275 287 303 304
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