python英文原版教程《Introducing_Python》.pdf

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Cover

Table of Contents

content

Preface

Audience

Outline

Python Versions

Conventions Used in This Book

Using Code Examples

Safari® Books Online

How to Contact Us

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. A Taste of Py

Python in the Real World

Python versus Language X

So, Why Python?

When Not to Use Python

Python 2 versus Python 3

Installing Python

Running Python

Using the Interactive Interpreter

Use Python Files

What’s Next?

Your Moment of Zen

Things to Do

Chapter 2. Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables

Variables, Names, and Objects

Numbers

Integers

Precedence

Bases

Type Conversions

How Big Is an int?

Floats

Math Functions

Strings

Create with Quotes

Convert Data Types by Using str()

Escape with \

Combine with +

Duplicate with *

Extract a Character with []

Slice with [ start : end : step ]

Get Length with len()

Split with split()

Combine with join()

Playing with Strings

Case and Alignment

Substitute with replace()

More String Things

Things to Do

Chapter 3. Py Filling: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, and Sets

Lists and Tuples

Lists

Create with [] or list()

Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list()

Get an Item by Using [ offset ]

Lists of Lists

Change an Item by [ offset ]

Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range

Add an Item to the End with append()

Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=

Add an Item by Offset with insert()

Delete an Item by Offset with del

Delete an Item by Value with remove()

Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()

Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()

Test for a Value with in

Count Occurrences of a Value by Using count()

Convert to a String with join()

Reorder Items with sort()

Get Length by Using len()

Assign with =, Copy with copy()

Tuples

Create a Tuple by Using ()

Tuples versus Lists

Dictionaries

Create with {}

Convert by Using dict()

Add or Change an Item by [ key ]

Combine Dictionaries with update()

Delete an Item by Key with del

Delete All Items by Using clear()

Test for a Key by Using in

Get an Item by [ key ]

Get All Keys by Using keys()

Get All Values by Using values()

Get All Key-Value Pairs by Using items()

Assign with =, Copy with copy()

Sets

Create with set()

Convert from Other Data Types with set()

Test for Value by Using in

Combinations and Operators

Compare Data Structures

Make Bigger Data Structures

Things to Do

Chapter 4. Py Crust: Code Structures

Comment with #

Continue Lines with \

Compare with if, elif, and else

What Is True?

Repeat with while

Cancel with break

Skip Ahead with continue

Check break Use with else

Iterate with for

Cancel with break

Skip with continue

Check break Use with else

Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()

Generate Number Sequences with range()

Other Iterators

Comprehensions

List Comprehensions

Dictionary Comprehensions

Set Comprehensions

Generator Comprehensions

Functions

Positional Arguments

Keyword Arguments

Specify Default Parameter Values

Gather Positional Arguments with *

Gather Keyword Arguments with **

Docstrings

Functions Are First-Class Citizens

Inner Functions

Closures

Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function

Generators

Decorators

Namespaces and Scope

Uses of _ and __ in Names

Handle Errors with try and except

Make Your Own Exceptions

Things to Do

Chapter 5. Py Boxes: Modules, Packages, and Programs

Standalone Programs

Command-Line Arguments

Modules and the import Statement

Import a Module

Import a Module with Another Name

Import Only What You Want from a Module

Module Search Path

Packages

The Python Standard Library

Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()

Count Items with Counter()

Order by Key with OrderedDict()

Stack + Queue == deque

Iterate over Code Structures with itertools

Print Nicely with pprint()

More Batteries: Get Other Python Code

Things to Do

Chapter 6. Oh Oh: Objects and Classes

What Are Objects?

Define a Class with class

Inheritance

Override a Method

Add a Method

Get Help from Your Parent with super

In self Defense

Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties

Name Mangling for Privacy

Method Types

Duck Typing

Special Methods

Composition

When to Use Classes and Objects versus Modules

Named Tuples

Things to Do

Chapter 7. Mangle Data Like a Pro

Text Strings

Unicode

Format

Match with Regular Expressions

Binary Data

bytes and bytearray

Convert Binary Data with struct

Other Binary Data Tools

Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()

Bit Operators

Things to Do

Chapter 8. Data Has to Go Somewhere

File Input/Output

Write a Text File with write()

Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()

Write a Binary File with write()

Read a Binary File with read()

Close Files Automatically by Using with

Change Position with seek()

Structured Text Files

CSV

XML

HTML

JSON

YAML

A Security Note

Configuration Files

Other Interchange Formats

Serialize by Using pickle

Structured Binary Files

Spreadsheets

HDF5

Relational Databases

SQL

DB-API

SQLite

MySQL

PostgreSQL

SQLAlchemy

NoSQL Data Stores

The dbm Family

Memcached

Redis

Other NoSQL

Full-Text Databases

Things to Do

Chapter 9. The Web, Untangled

Web Clients

Test with telnet

Python’s Standard Web Libraries

Beyond the Standard Library: Requests

Web Servers

The Simplest Python Web Server

Web Server Gateway Interface

Frameworks

Bottle

Flask

Non-Python Web Servers

Other Frameworks

Web Services and Automation

The webbrowser Module

Web APIs and Representational State Transfer

JSON

Crawl and Scrape

Scrape HTML with BeautifulSoup

Things to Do

Chapter 10. Systems

Files

Create with open()

Check Existence with exists()

Check Type with isfile()

Copy with copy()

Change Name with rename()

Link with link() or symlink()

Change Permissions with chmod()

Change Ownership with chown()

Get a Pathname with abspath()

Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()

Delete a File with remove()

Directories

Create with mkdir()

Delete with rmdir()

List Contents with listdir()

Change Current Directory with chdir()

List Matching Files with glob()

Programs and Processes

Create a Process with subprocess

Create a Process with multiprocessing

Kill a Process with terminate()

Calendars and Clocks

The datetime Module

Using the time Module

Read and Write Dates and Times

Alternative Modules

Things to Do

Chapter 11. Concurrency and Networks

Concurrency

Queues

Processes

Threads

Green Threads and gevent

twisted

asyncio

Redis

Beyond Queues

Networks

Patterns

The Publish-Subscribe Model

TCP/IP

Sockets

ZeroMQ

Scapy

Internet Services

Web Services and APIs

Remote Processing

Big Fat Data and MapReduce

Working in the Clouds

Things to Do

Chapter 12. Be a Pythonista

About Programming

Find Python Code

Install Packages

Use pip

Use a Package Manager

Install from Source

Integrated Development Environments

IDLE

PyCharm

IPython

Name and Document

Testing Your Code

Check with pylint, pyflakes, and pep8

Test with unittest

Test with doctest

Test with nose

Other Test Frameworks

Continuous Integration

Debugging Python Code

Debug with pdb

Logging Error Messages

Optimize Your Code

Measure Timing

Algorithms and Data Structures

Cython, NumPy, and C Extensions

PyPy

Source Control

Mercurial

Git

Clone This Book

How You Can Learn More

Books

Websites

Groups

Conferences

Coming Attractions

Appendix A. Py Art

2-D Graphics

Standard Library

PIL and Pillow

ImageMagick

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

3-D Graphics and Animation

Plots, Graphs, and Visualization

matplotlib

bokeh

Games

Audio and Music

>>>prompt

Appendix B. Py at Work

The Microsoft Office Suite

Carrying Out Business Tasks

Processing Business Data

Extracting, Transforming, and Loading

Additional Sources of Information

Python in Finance

Business Data Security

Maps

Formats

Draw a Map

Applications and Data

Appendix C. Py Sci

Math and Statistics in the Standard Library

Math Functions

Working with Complex Numbers

Calculate Accurate Floating Point with decimal

Perform Rational Arithmetic with fractions

Use Packed Sequences with array

Handling Simple Stats by Using statistics

Matrix Multiplication

Scientific Python

NumPy

Make an Array with array()

Make an Array with arange()

Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()

Change an Array’s Shape with reshape()

Get an Element with []

Array Math

Linear Algebra

The SciPy Library

The SciKit Library

The IPython Library

A Better Interpreter

IPython Notebook

Pandas

Python and Scientific Areas

Appendix D. Install Python 3

Install Standard Python

Mac OS X

Windows

Linux or Unix

Install Anaconda

Install and Use pip and virtualenv

Install and Use conda

Appendix E. Answers to Exercises

Chapter 1, A Taste of Py

Chapter 2, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables

Chapter 3, Py Filling: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, and Sets

Chapter 4, Py Crust: Code Structures

Chapter 5, Py Boxes: Modules, Packages, and Programs

Chapter 6, Oh Oh: Objects and Classes

Chapter 7, Mangle Data Like a Pro

Chapter 8, Data Has to Go Somewhere

Chapter 9, The Web, Untangled

Chapter 10, Systems

Chapter 11, Concurrency and Networks

Appendix F. Cheat Sheets

Operator Precedence

String Methods

Change Case

Modify

Format

String Type

String Module Attributes

Fin

Index

About the Author

Introducing Python Bill Lubanovic

Introducing Python by Bill Lubanovic Copyright © 2015 Bill Lubanovic. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editors: Andy Oram and Allyson MacDonald Production Editor: Nicole Shelby Copyeditor: Octal Publishing Proofreader: Sonia Saruba Indexer: Judy McConville Cover Designer: Ellie Volckhausen Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest November 2014: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition: 2014-11-07: First release 2015-02-20: Second release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449359362 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Introducing Python, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instruc‐ tions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intel‐ lectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. ISBN: 978-1-449-35936-2 [LSI]

To Mary, Karin, Tom, and Roxie.

Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 1. A Taste of Py. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Python in the Real World 5 Python versus Language X 6 So, Why Python? 9 When Not to Use Python 9 Python 2 versus Python 3 10 Installing Python 10 Running Python 11 Using the Interactive Interpreter 11 Use Python Files 12 What’s Next? 13 Your Moment of Zen 13 Things to Do 14 2. Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Variables, Names, and Objects 15 Numbers 19 Integers 19 Precedence 23 Bases 24 Type Conversions 25 How Big Is an int? 26 Floats 27 Math Functions 27 Strings 27 Create with Quotes 28 Convert Data Types by Using str() 30 v

Escape with \ 30 Combine with + 31 Duplicate with * 32 Extract a Character with [] 32 Slice with [ start : end : step ] 33 Get Length with len() 35 Split with split() 35 Combine with join() 36 Playing with Strings 36 Case and Alignment 37 Substitute with replace() 38 More String Things 39 Things to Do 39 3. Py Filling: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, and Sets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lists and Tuples 41 Lists 42 Create with [] or list() 42 Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list() 43 Get an Item by Using [ offset ] 43 Lists of Lists 44 Change an Item by [ offset ] 45 Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range 45 Add an Item to the End with append() 46 Combine Lists by Using extend() or += 46 Add an Item by Offset with insert() 46 Delete an Item by Offset with del 47 Delete an Item by Value with remove() 47 Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop() 47 Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index() 48 Test for a Value with in 48 Count Occurrences of a Value by Using count() 49 Convert to a String with join() 49 Reorder Items with sort() 49 Get Length by Using len() 50 Assign with =, Copy with copy() 50 Tuples 52 Create a Tuple by Using () 52 Tuples versus Lists 53 Dictionaries 53 Create with {} 54 Convert by Using dict() 54 vi | Table of Contents

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