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unix network programming(Volume 1 • Third Edition).pdf

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    Copyright
    Dedication
    Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series
    Foreword
    Preface
    Introduction
    Changes from the Second Edition
    Using This Book
    Source Code and Errata Availability
    Acknowledgments
    Introduction and TCP/IP
    Introduction
    Introduction
    A Simple Daytime Client
    Protocol Independence
    Error Handling: Wrapper Functions
    A Simple Daytime Server
    Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text
    OSI Model
    BSD Networking History
    Test Networks and Hosts
    Unix Standards
    64-Bit Architectures
    Summary
    Exercises
    The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP
    Introduction
    The Big Picture
    User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
    Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
    Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
    TCP Connection Establishment and Termination
    TIME_WAIT State
    SCTP Association Establishment and Termination
    Port Numbers
    TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers
    Buffer Sizes and Limitations
    Standard Internet Services
    Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications
    Summary
    Exercises
    Elementary Sockets
    Sockets Introduction
    Introduction
    Socket Address Structures
    Value-Result Arguments
    Byte Ordering Functions
    Byte Manipulation Functions
    inet_aton, inet_addr, and inet_ntoa Functions
    inet_pton and inet_ntop Functions
    sock_ntop and Related Functions
    readn, writen, and readline Functions
    Summary
    Exercises
    Elementary TCP Sockets
    Introduction
    socket Function
    connect Function
    bind Function
    listen Function
    accept Function
    fork and exec Functions
    Concurrent Servers
    close Function
    getsockname and getpeername Functions
    Summary
    Exercises
    TCP Client/Server Example
    Introduction
    TCP Echo Server: main Function
    TCP Echo Server: str_echo Function
    TCP Echo Client: main Function
    TCP Echo Client: str_cli Function
    Normal Startup
    Normal Termination
    POSIX Signal Handling
    Handling SIGCHLD Signals
    wait and waitpid Functions
    Connection Abort before accept Returns
    Termination of Server Process
    SIGPIPE Signal
    Crashing of Server Host
    Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host
    Shutdown of Server Host
    Summary of TCP Example
    Data Format
    Summary
    Exercises
    I/O Multiplexing: The select and poll Functions
    Introduction
    I/O Models
    select Function
    str_cli Function (Revisited)
    Batch Input and Buffering
    shutdown Function
    str_cli Function (Revisited Again)
    TCP Echo Server (Revisited)
    pselect Function
    poll Function
    TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again)
    Summary
    Exercises
    Socket Options
    Introduction
    getsockopt and setsockopt Functions
    Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default
    Socket States
    Generic Socket Options
    IPv4 Socket Options
    ICMPv6 Socket Option
    IPv6 Socket Options
    TCP Socket Options
    SCTP Socket Options
    fcntl Function
    Summary
    Exercises
    Elementary UDP Sockets
    Introduction
    recvfrom and sendto Functions
    UDP Echo Server: main Function
    UDP Echo Server: dg_echo Function
    UDP Echo Client: main Function
    UDP Echo Client: dg_cli Function
    Lost Datagrams
    Verifying Received Response
    Server Not Running
    Summary of UDP Example
    connect Function with UDP
    dg_cli Function (Revisited)
    Lack of Flow Control with UDP
    Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP
    TCP and UDP Echo Server Using select
    Summary
    Exercises
    Elementary SCTP Sockets
    Introduction
    Interface Models
    sctp_bindx Function
    sctp_connectx Function
    sctp_getpaddrs Function
    sctp_freepaddrs Function
    sctp_getladdrs Function
    sctp_freeladdrs Function
    sctp_sendmsg Function
    sctp_recvmsg Function
    sctp_opt_info Function
    sctp_peeloff Function
    shutdown Function
    Notifications
    Summary
    Exercises
    SCTP Client/Server Example
    Introduction
    SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server: main Function
    SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client: main Function
    SCTP Streaming Echo Client: str_cli Function
    Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking
    Controlling the Number of Streams
    Controlling Termination
    Summary
    Exercises
    Name and Address Conversions
    Introduction
    Domain Name System (DNS)
    gethostbyname Function
    gethostbyaddr Function
    getservbyname and getservbyport Functions
    getaddrinfo Function
    gai_strerror Function
    freeaddrinfo Function
    getaddrinfo Function: IPv6
    getaddrinfo Function: Examples
    host_serv Function
    tcp_connect Function
    tcp_listen Function
    udp_client Function
    udp_connect Function
    udp_server Function
    getnameinfo Function
    Re-entrant Functions
    gethostbyname_r and gethostbyaddr_r Functions
    Obsolete IPv6 Address Lookup Functions
    Other Networking Information
    Summary
    Exercises
    Advanced Sockets
    IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability
    Introduction
    IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server
    IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server
    IPv6 Address-Testing Macros
    Source Code Portability
    Summary
    Exercises
    Daemon Processes and the inetd Superserver
    Introduction
    syslogd Daemon
    syslog Function
    daemon_init Function
    inetd Daemon
    daemon_inetd Function
    Summary
    Exercises
    Advanced I/O Functions
    Introduction
    Socket Timeouts
    recv and send Functions
    readv and writev Functions
    recvmsg and sendmsg Functions
    Ancillary Data
    How Much Data Is Queued?
    Sockets and Standard I/O
    Advanced Polling
    Summary
    Exercises
    Unix Domain Protocols
    Introduction
    Unix Domain Socket Address Structure
    socketpair Function
    Socket Functions
    Unix Domain Stream Client/Server
    Unix Domain Datagram Client/Server
    Passing Descriptors
    Receiving Sender Credentials
    Summary
    Exercises
    Nonblocking I/O
    Introduction
    Nonblocking Reads and Writes: str_cli Function (Revisited)
    Nonblocking connect
    Nonblocking connect: Daytime Client
    Nonblocking connect: Web Client
    Nonblocking accept
    Summary
    Exercises
    ioctl Operations
    Introduction
    ioctl Function
    Socket Operations
    File Operations
    Interface Configuration
    get_ifi_info Function
    Interface Operations
    ARP Cache Operations
    Routing Table Operations
    Summary
    Exercises
    Routing Sockets
    Introduction
    Datalink Socket Address Structure
    Reading and Writing
    sysctl Operations
    get_ifi_info Function (Revisited)
    Interface Name and Index Functions
    Summary
    Exercises
    Key Management Sockets
    Introduction
    Reading and Writing
    Dumping the Security Association Database (SADB)
    Creating a Static Security Association (SA)
    Dynamically Maintaining SAs
    Summary
    Exercises
    Broadcasting
    Introduction
    Broadcast Addresses
    Unicast versus Broadcast
    dg_cli Function Using Broadcasting
    Race Conditions
    Summary
    Exercises
    Multicasting
    Introduction
    Multicast Addresses
    Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN
    Multicasting on a WAN
    Source-Specific Multicast
    Multicast Socket Options
    mcast_join and Related Functions
    dg_cli Function Using Multicasting
    Receiving IP Multicast Infrastructure Session Announcements
    Sending and Receiving
    Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)
    Summary
    Exercises
    Advanced UDP Sockets
    Introduction
    Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index
    Datagram Truncation
    When to Use UDP Instead of TCP
    Adding Reliability to a UDP Application
    Binding Interface Addresses
    Concurrent UDP Servers
    IPv6 Packet Information
    IPv6 Path MTU Control
    Summary
    Exercises
    Advanced SCTP Sockets
    Introduction
    An Autoclosing One-to-Many-Style Server
    Partial Delivery
    Notifications
    Unordered Data
    Binding a Subset of Addresses
    Determining Peer and Local Address Information
    Finding an Association ID Given an IP Address
    Heartbeating and Address Failure
    Peeling Off an Association
    Controlling Timing
    When to Use SCTP Instead of TCP
    Summary
    Exercises
    Out-of-Band Data
    Introduction
    TCP Out-of-Band Data
    sockatmark Function
    TCP Out-of-Band Data Recap
    Summary
    Exercises
    Signal-Driven I/O
    Introduction
    Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets
    UDP Echo Server Using SIGIO
    Summary
    Exercises
    Threads
    Introduction
    Basic Thread Functions: Creation and Termination
    str_cli Function Using Threads
    TCP Echo Server Using Threads
    Thread-Specific Data
    Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)
    Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion
    Condition Variables
    Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)
    Summary
    Exercises
    IP Options
    Introduction
    IPv4 Options
    IPv4 Source Route Options
    IPv6 Extension Headers
    IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options
    IPv6 Routing Header
    IPv6 Sticky Options
    Historical IPv6 Advanced API
    Summary
    Exercises
    Raw Sockets
    Introduction
    Raw Socket Creation
    Raw Socket Output
    Raw Socket Input
    ping Program
    traceroute Program
    An ICMP Message Daemon
    Summary
    Exercises
    Datalink Access
    Introduction
    BSD Packet Filter (BPF)
    Datalink Provider Interface (DLPI)
    Linux: SOCK_PACKET and PF_PACKET
    libpcap: Packet Capture Library
    libnet: Packet Creation and Injection Library
    Examining the UDP Checksum Field
    Summary
    Exercises
    Client/Server Design Alternatives
    Introduction
    TCP Client Alternatives
    TCP Test Client
    TCP Iterative Server
    TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client
    TCP Preforked Server, No Locking Around accept
    TCP Preforked Server, File Locking Around accept
    TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking Around accept
    TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing
    TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client
    TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread accept
    TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread accept
    Summary
    Exercises
    Streams
    Introduction
    Overview
    getmsg and putmsg Functions
    getpmsg and putpmsg Functions
    ioctl Function
    Transport Provider Interface (TPI)
    Summary
    Exercises
    IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, and ICMPv6
    Introduction
    IPv4 Header
    IPv6 Header
    IPv4 Addresses
    IPv6 Addresses
    Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)
    Virtual Networks
    Introduction
    The MBone
    The 6bone
    IPv6 Transition: 6to4
    Debugging Techniques
    System Call Tracing
    Standard Internet Services
    sock Program
    Small Test Programs
    tcpdump Program
    netstat Program
    lsof Program
    Miscellaneous Source Code
    unp.h Header
    config.h Header
    Standard Error Functions
    Solutions to Selected Exercises
    Chapter 1
    Chapter 2
    Chapter 3
    Chapter 4
    Chapter 5
    Chapter 6
    Chapter 7
    Chapter 8
    Chapter 9
    Chapter 10
    Chapter 11
    Chapter 12
    Chapter 13
    Chapter 14
    Chapter 15
    Chapter 16
    Chapter 17
    Chapter 18
    Chapter 20
    Chapter 21
    Chapter 22
    Chapter 24
    Chapter 25
    Chapter 26
    Chapter 27
    Chapter 28
    Chapter 29
    Chapter 30
    Chapter 31
    Bibliography
    Stevens_title.fm Page i Tuesday, October 21, 2003 11:29 AM UNIX Network Programming The Sockets Networking API
    Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series Brian W. Kernighan and Craig Partridge, Consulting Editors Matthew H. Austern, Generic Programming and the STL: Using and Extending the C++ Standard Template Library David R. Butenhof, Programming with POSIX® Threads Brent Callaghan, NFS Illustrated Tom Cargill, C++ Programming Style William R. Cheswick/Steven M. Bellovin/Aviel D. Rubin, Firewalls and Internet Security, Second Edition: Repelling the Wily Hacker David A. Curry, UNIX® System Security: A Guide for Users and System Administrators Stephen C. Dewhurst, C++ Gotchas: Avoiding Common Problems in Coding and Design Erich Gamma/Richard Helm/Ralph Johnson/John Vlissides, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object- Oriented Software Erich Gamma/Richard Helm/Ralph Johnson/John Vlissides, Design Patterns CD: Elements of Reusable Object- Oriented Software Peter Haggar, Practical Java™ Programming Language Guide David R. Hanson, C Interfaces and Implementations: Techniques for Creating Reusable Software Mark Harrison/Michael McLennan, Effective Tcl/Tk Programming: Writing Better Programs with Tcl and Tk Michi Henning/Steve Vinoski, Advanced CORBA® Programming with C++ Brian W. Kernighan/Rob Pike, The Practice of Programming S. Keshav, An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network John Lakos, Large-Scale C++ Software Design Scott Meyers, Effective C++ CD: 85 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers, Effective C++, Second Edition: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers, More Effective C++: 35 New Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers, Effective STL: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your Use of the Standard Template Library Robert B. Murray, C++ Strategies and Tactics David R. Musser/Gillmer J. Derge/Atul Saini, STL Tutorial and Reference Guide, Second Edition: C++ Programming with the Standard Template Library John K. Ousterhout, Tcl and the Tk Toolkit Craig Partridge, Gigabit Networking Radia Perlman, Interconnections, Second Edition: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols Stephen A. Rago, UNIX® System V Network Programming Curt Schimmel, UNIX® Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers W. Richard Stevens/Bill Fenner/Andrew M. Rudoff, UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API W. Richard Stevens, Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX® Domain Protocols W. Richard Stevens/Gary R. Wright, TCP/IP Illustrated Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set John Viega/Gary McGraw, Building Secure Software: How to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way Gary R. Wright/W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation Ruixi Yuan/ W. Timothy Strayer, Virtual Private Networks: Technologies and Solutions Visit www.awprofessional.com/series/professionalcomputing for more information about these titles.
    Stevens_title.fm Page iii Tuesday, October 21, 2003 11:29 AM UNIX Network Programming The Sockets Networking API Volume 1 • Third Edition W. Richard Stevens Bill Fenner Andrew M. Rudoff Boston • San Francisco • New York • Toronto • Montreal London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
    Stevens_title.fm Page iv Tuesday, October 21, 2003 11:29 AM Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison- Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales (317) 581-3793 international@pearsontechgroup.com Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 848-7047 ISBN: 0-13-141155-1 Text printed on recycled paper First printing
    To Rich. Aloha nui loa.
    Stevens_title.fm Page ii Tuesday, October 21, 2003 11:29 AM
    Contents Foreword Preface Part 1. Introduction and TCP/IP Chapter 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Chapter 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 6 10 Independence Introduction Introduction A Simple Daytime Client Protocol Error Handling: Wrapper Functions A Simple Daytime Server Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text OSI Model BSD Networ king Histor y Test Networ ks and Hosts Unix Standards 64-Bit Architectures Summary 20 22 11 25 28 13 3 18 29 The Transpor t Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP Introduction The Big Picture User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 32 34 31 16 xvii xix 1 3 31 vii
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