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二维码原理文档.pdf
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO/IEC
18004
First edition
2000-06-15
Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture
techniques — Bar code symbology — QR
Code
Technologies de l'information — Techniques d'identification automatique et
de capture de données — Symboles de codes à barres — Code QR
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Reference number
ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
© ISO/IEC 2000
ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
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ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................vi
Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................1
1
2
Conformance..................................................................................................................................................1
Normative references ....................................................................................................................................1
3
Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................2
4
5
Symbols (and abbreviated terms)................................................................................................................3
Conventions ...................................................................................................................................................4
6
Module positions ...........................................................................................................................................4
6.1
Byte notation ..................................................................................................................................................4
6.2
6.3
Version references.........................................................................................................................................4
Symbol description .......................................................................................................................................4
7
Basic characteristics.....................................................................................................................................4
7.1
Summary of additional features...................................................................................................................5
7.2
7.3
Symbol structure ...........................................................................................................................................6
Symbol Versions and sizes ..........................................................................................................................6
7.3.1
Finder pattern...............................................................................................................................................13
7.3.2
Separators ....................................................................................................................................................13
7.3.3
7.3.4
Timing Pattern..............................................................................................................................................13
7.3.5 Alignment Patterns......................................................................................................................................13
7.3.6
Encoding region...........................................................................................................................................13
7.3.7 Quiet zone.....................................................................................................................................................13
8
Requirements...............................................................................................................................................14
Encode procedure overview.......................................................................................................................14
8.1
Data analysis................................................................................................................................................15
8.2
Modes............................................................................................................................................................16
8.3
8.3.1
Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) Mode ...........................................................................................16
8.3.2 Numeric Mode ..............................................................................................................................................16
8.3.3 Alphanumeric Mode ....................................................................................................................................16
8.3.4
8-bit Byte Mode ............................................................................................................................................16
8.3.5 Kanji Mode....................................................................................................................................................16
8.3.6 Mixing modes...............................................................................................................................................17
Structured Append Mode............................................................................................................................17
8.3.7
FNC1 Mode ...................................................................................................................................................17
8.3.8
8.4
Data encodation...........................................................................................................................................17
8.4.1
Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) Mode ...........................................................................................18
8.4.2 Numeric Mode ..............................................................................................................................................19
8.4.3 Alphanumeric Mode ....................................................................................................................................21
8.4.4
8-bit Byte Mode ............................................................................................................................................22
8.4.5 Kanji Mode....................................................................................................................................................24
8.4.6 Mixing modes...............................................................................................................................................25
FNC1 Modes .................................................................................................................................................25
8.4.7
8.4.8
Terminator ....................................................................................................................................................27
8.4.9 Bit stream to codeword conversion...........................................................................................................27
8.5
Error correction............................................................................................................................................33
8.5.1
Error correction capacity ............................................................................................................................33
8.5.2 Generating the error correction codewords .............................................................................................45
8.6
Constructing the final message codeword sequence .............................................................................45
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ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
8.7
Codeword placement in matrix...................................................................................................................46
8.7.1
Symbol character representation...............................................................................................................46
8.7.2
Function pattern placement........................................................................................................................46
8.7.3
Symbol character placement......................................................................................................................46
8.8
Masking.........................................................................................................................................................50
8.8.1 Mask Patterns...............................................................................................................................................50
Evaluation of masking results....................................................................................................................52
8.8.2
Format Information ......................................................................................................................................53
8.9
8.10
Version Information .....................................................................................................................................54
Structured Append ......................................................................................................................................55
9
Basic principles ...........................................................................................................................................55
9.1
Symbol Sequence Indicator........................................................................................................................56
9.2
9.3
Parity Data ....................................................................................................................................................56
Symbol printing and marking .....................................................................................................................57
10
Dimensions...................................................................................................................................................57
10.1
Human-readable interpretation...................................................................................................................57
10.2
10.3
Marking guidelines ......................................................................................................................................57
Symbol quality .............................................................................................................................................57
11
Obtaining the test image .............................................................................................................................57
11.1
11.2
Symbol quality parameters.........................................................................................................................57
11.2.1 Decode ..........................................................................................................................................................57
11.2.2 Symbol Contrast ..........................................................................................................................................58
11.2.3 "Print" growth ..............................................................................................................................................58
11.2.4 Axial Nonuniformity.....................................................................................................................................58
11.2.5 Unused Error Correction.............................................................................................................................58
Overall symbol grade ..................................................................................................................................58
11.3
Process control measurements .................................................................................................................59
11.4
12
Decoding procedure overview ...................................................................................................................59
Reference decode algorithm for QR Code ................................................................................................60
13
Autodiscrimination capability.....................................................................................................................65
14
15
Transmitted data ..........................................................................................................................................65
Symbology Identifier ...................................................................................................................................65
15.1
Extended Channel Interpretations .............................................................................................................65
15.2
15.3
FNC1..............................................................................................................................................................66
Annex A (normative) Error detection and correction generator polynomials ....................................................67
Annex B (normative) Error correction decoding steps .........................................................................................74
Annex C (normative) Format Information ...............................................................................................................76
Annex D (normative) Version Information ..............................................................................................................78
Annex E (normative) Position of Alignment Patterns............................................................................................81
Annex F (normative) Symbology Identifier.............................................................................................................83
Annex G (informative) Symbol encoding example.................................................................................................84
Annex H (informative) Optimisation of bit stream length......................................................................................86
Annex I (informative) User guidelines for printing and scanning of QR Code symbols....................................88
Annex J (informative) Autodiscrimination ..............................................................................................................90
Annex K (informative) Matrix code print quality guideline....................................................................................91
Annex L (informative) Process control techniques ...............................................................................................95
Annex M (informative) Characteristics of Model 1 QR Code symbols.................................................................97
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ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC
International Standards through technical committees established by the
participate in the development of
respective organization to deal with particular fields of
ISO and IEC technical committees
collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
technical activity.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO/IEC 18004 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information
technology, Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques, in collaboration with AIM
Inc.1).
Annexes A to F form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes G to M are for information only.
1) AIM Inc., 634 Alpha Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238-2802, U.S.A.
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v
ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
Introduction
QR Code is a matrix symbology consisting of an array of nominally square modules arranged in an overall square
pattern, including a unique finder pattern located at three corners of the symbol and intended to assist in easy
location of its position, size and inclination. A wide range of sizes of symbol is provided for together with four levels
of error correction. Module dimensions are user-specified to enable symbol production by a wide variety of
techniques. QR Code Model 1 is the original specification for QR Code; QR Code Model 2 is an enhanced form of
the symbology with additional
features and can be auto-discriminated from Model 1. Since Model 2 is the
recommended model for new, open systems application of QR Code, this International Standard describes Model 2
fully, and specifies the features in which Model 1 QR Code differs from Model 2 in an annex.
vi
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
Information technology — Automatic identification and data
capture techniques — Bar code symbology — QR Code
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements for the symbology known as QR Code. It specifies the QR
Code Model 2 symbology characteristics, data character encodation, symbol formats, dimensional characteristics,
error correction rules,
reference decoding algorithm, production quality requirements, and user-selectable
application parameters, and defines in an annex the features of Model 1 symbols which differ from Model 2.
2 Conformance
QR Code symbols (and equipment designed to produce or read QR Code symbols) shall be considered as meeting
this specification if they meet the requirements defined for either QR Code Model 2 or Model 1. It should be noted,
however, that Model 2 is the form of the symbology recommended for new and open systems applications.
3 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of
these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO/IEC 15424,
carrier/symbology identifiers.
Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Data
ISO/IEC 15416, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Bar code print
quality test specifications — Linear symbols.
EN 1556, Bar Coding — Terminology.
JIS X 0201, JIS 8-bit Character Set for Information Interchange.
JIS X 0208-1997, Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange.
ANSI X3.4, Coded Character Sets — 7-bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-bit
ASCII).
AIM International Technical Specification, Extended Channel Interpretations: Part 1: Identification scheme and
protocol (referred to as "AIM ECI specification").
© ISO/IEC 2000 – All rights reserved
1
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ISO/IEC 18004:2000(E)
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 1556 and the following apply.
4.1
Alignment Pattern
fixed reference pattern in defined positions in a matrix symbology, which enables the decode software to re-
synchronise the coordinate mapping of the image modules in the event of moderate amounts of distortion of the
image
4.2
Character Count Indicator
bit sequence which defines the data string length in a mode
4.3
ECI designator
six-digit number identifying a specific ECI assignment
4.4
encoding region
region of the symbol not occupied by function patterns and available for encodation of data and error correction
codewords
4.5
Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI)
protocol used in some symbologies that allows the output data stream to have interpretations different from that of
the default character set
4.6
Extension Pattern
in Model 1 symbols, a function pattern which does not encode data
4.7
Format Information
function pattern containing information on the error correction level applied to the symbol and on the masking
pattern used, essential to enable the remainder of the encoding region to be decoded
4.8
function pattern
overhead component of the symbol required for location of the symbol or identification of its characteristics to assist
in decoding
4.9
Mask Pattern Reference
three-bit identifier of the masking patterns applied to the symbol
4.10
masking
process of XORing the bit pattern in the encoding region with a masking pattern to provide a symbol with more
evenly balanced numbers of dark and light modules and reduced occurrence of patterns which would interfere with
fast processing of the image
4.11
mode
method of representing a defined character set as a bit string
2
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