logo资料库

radar design principles signal processing and the environment.pdf

发布时间：2022-06-06 发布人：admin 分类：说明书 资料大小：31.50M 资料格式：pdf 举报 版权申诉
第1页 / 共686页
第2页 / 共686页
第3页 / 共686页
第4页 / 共686页
第5页 / 共686页
第6页 / 共686页
第7页 / 共686页
第8页 / 共686页
资料共686页，剩余部分请下载后查看
    Front Matter
    Preface
    Table of Contents
    2. Review of Radar Range Performance Computations
    2.1 General Radar Range Equation
    2.2 Radar Detection with Noise Jamming or Interference
    2.3 Beacon and Repeater Equations
    2.4 Bistatic Radar
    2.5 Radar Detection Equations in Distributed Clutter Volume Reflectors for Pulse Radars
    2.6 Pulse-Radar Detection Equations for Area Clutter
    3. Statistical Relationships for Various Detection Processes
    3.1 Introduction and Definitions
    3.2 Target Detection by a Pulsed Radar
    3.3 Additional Results of the Marcum and Swerling Analysis
    3.4 Noncoherent Integration Losses
    3.5 Postdetection Integration with Partially Correlated Noise
    3.6 Independent Sampling of Clutter Echoes
    3.7 Digital Integrators and Limits on Independent Sampling
    3.8 Cumulative Detection of a Radar Target
    3.9 Detection Range for an Approaching Target
    3.10 Summary
    4. Automatic Detection by Nonlinear, Sequential, and Adaptive Processes
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Dynamic Range Problems-STC and IAGC
    4.3 Effects of Limiters on Target Detection
    4.4 Effects of Interfering Signals in Systems with Limiters
    4.5 Limiting in Pulse Compression and Pulse Doppler Systems
    4.6 Summary of Limiter Effects
    4.7 Sequential Detection and Track-Before-Detect Processing
    4.8 Adaptive Threshold Techniques
    4.9 Dynamic Range of Rayleigh Signals
    4.10 Overall False Alarm Control
    5. Radar Targets
    5.1 General Scattering Properties-Simple Shapes
    5.2 Polarization Scattering Matrix
    5.3 Complex Targets-Backscatter and Distributions
    5.4 Measured Aircraft and Missile RCS Distributions
    5.5 Missile and Satellite Cross Sections
    5.6 Marine Targets
    5.7 Miscellaneous Airborne Reflections and Clear Air Echoes
    5.8 Spectra of Radar Cross-Section Fluctuations
    5.9 Frequency-Agility Effects on Target Detection and Tracking
    5.10 Bistatic Radar Cross Section of Targets
    6. Atmospheric Effects, Weather, and Chaff
    6.1 Standard Atmospheric Attenuation
    6.2 Precipitation Occurrence and Extent
    6.3 Attenuation in Hydrometeors and Foliage
    6.4 Backscatter Coefficient of Rain, Snow, and Clouds
    6.5 Radar Precipitation Doppler Spectra
    6.6 Frequency Correlation of Precipitation Echoes
    6.7 Spatial Uniformity of Rain Backscatter
    6.8 Tropospheric Refraction Effects
    6.9 General Properties of Chaff
    6.10 Spectra of Chaff Echoes
    7. Sea and Land Backscatter
    7.1 Backscatter from the Sea-Monostatic
    7.2 Empirical Sea Backscatter Models for Low Grazing Angles
    7.3 Sea Clutter near Vertical Incidence
    7.4 Polarization and Wind-Direction Effects on Reflectivity
    7.5 Spectrum of Sea Clutter Echoes
    7.6 Spatial and Frequency Correlation of Sea Clutter
    7.7 Short-Pulse Sea Clutter Echoes or Spikes
    7.8 Sea Clutter under Ducting Conditions
    7.9 Short-Range Clutter
    7.10 Backscatter from Various Terrain Types
    7.11 Composite Terrain at Low Grazing Angles
    7.12 Composite Terrain at Mid-Angles
    7.13 Composite Terrain-Spatial and Temporal Distributions
    7.14 Bistatic Sea and Land Clutter
    8. Signal-Processing Concepts and Waveform Design
    8.1 Radar Requirements as We Approach the Year 2000
    8.2 Matched Filters
    8.3 The Radar Ambiguity Function
    8.4 The Radar Environmental Diagram
    8.5 Optimum Waveforms for Detection in Clutter
    8.6 Desirability of Range-Doppler Ambiguity
    8.7 Classes of Waveforms
    8.8 Digital Representation of Signals
    9. Moving Target Indicators MTI
    9.1 MTI Configurations
    9.2 Limitations on MTI Performance-Clutter Fluctuations
    9.3 Digital MTI Limitations
    9.4 Noncoherent and Nonlinear Processes
    9.5 Ambiguous-Range Clutter
    9.6 Airborne MTI
    9.7 System Limitations
    10. Environmental Limitations of CW Radars
    10.1 Transmitter Spillover and Noise Limitations
    10.2 CW, FM-CW, and ICW Transmissions
    10.3 Rain Clutter Power for Separate Transmit and Receive Antennas
    10.4 Sea and Land Clutter Power for Surface Antennas
    10.5 Clutter Spectrum for Airborne Radars
    11. Pulse Doppler and Burst Waveforms
    11.1 Terminology and General Assumptions
    11.2 Range Doppler Limitations
    11.3 Ambiguity Diagrams for Single-Carrier Pulse Trains
    11.4 Amplitude, Phase, and Pulse-Width Tapering of Finite Pulse Trains
    11.5 Block Diagrams for Pulse Doppler Receivers
    11.6 Fast Fourier Transform Processing
    11.7 Architecture for Pulse-Train Processors
    11.8 Range Computations for Pulse Doppler Radars
    11.9 Clutter Computations
    11.10 Truncated Pulse Trains
    11.11 Summary
    12. Phase-Coding Techniques
    12.1 Principles of Phase Coding
    12.2 The Barker, MPS, and Other Useful Codes
    12.3 Random and Maximal-Length Pseudorandom Codes
    12.4 Sidelobe Suppression of Phase-Coded Words
    12.5 Polyphase-Coded Words
    12.6 Compression Techniques-All-Range Compressors
    12.7 Cross Correlators and Tracking Techniques
    12.8 Phase-Coded Words-Noise and Clutter Performance
    13. Frequency-Modulated Pulse Compression Waveforms
    13.1 Multiplicity of Frequency-Modulation Techniques
    13.2 Linear FM Pulses Chirp
    13.3 Generation and Decoding of FM Waveforms
    13.4 Distortion Effects on Linear FM Signals
    13.5 Spectrum of a Comb of Frequencies
    13.6 Waveform Analysis for Discrete Frequencies
    13.7 Capabilities for Extreme Bandwidths and "Stretch" Techniques
    13.8 Resolution Properties of Frequency-Coded Pulses
    13.9 Sidelobe Reduction
    13.10 Pulse Compression Decoders and Limiter Effects
    13.11 Nonlinear FM
    13.12 Ambiguity Diagrams for FM Waveforms
    13.13 Digital Decoders
    14. Hybrid Processors, Meteorological Radar, and System Performance Analysis
    14.1 The Moving Target Detector MTD
    14.2 Meteorological Radar
    14.3 Aerostat Surveillance Radars
    14.4 Performance Estimation for Coherent Pulse Radars
    Bibliography and References
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    Radar Design Principles Signal Processing and the Environment Fred E. Nathanson Georgia Tech Research lnstitute Rockville, Maryland with J. Patrick Reilly The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel, Maryland Marvin N. Cohen Georgia Tech Research lnstitute Georgia lnstitute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Second Edition s c ; 3 PUBLISHING, IRC. MENDHAM, NEW JERSEY ~
    This is a reprinting of the 199 1 edition originally published by McGraw-Hill, Inc. 0 1999 by Marvin N. Cohen, Allan J. Nathanson, Lila H. Nathanson, Janice N. Smith, J. Patrick Reilly 0 1991, 1969 by McGmw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form whatsoever without written permission from the publisher. For information, contact the publisher, SciTech Publishing, Inc., 89 Dean Road, Mendham, NJ 07945 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 1-891 121-09-X SciTech books may be purchased at quantity discounts for educational, business, or sales promotional use. For information, contact the publisher: SciTech Publishing, Inc. 89 Dean Road Mendham, NJ 07945 e-mail: scitech@worldnet.att.net www. scitechpub .com IEEE members may order directly from the association. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. PO Box 133 1,445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA e-mail : customer. service@ieee . org www.ieee .org IEEE Order No.: PC5822
    Acknowledgments The dramatic advances in radar systems and especially in radar signal processing are the result of the efforts of many individuals in many fields. To help me assimilate this information, I enlisted the aid of a number of knowledgeable coworkers in the radar field. The primary credit goes to J. Patrick Reilly of the Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, for both the original book and this edition. He authored Chap. 9 and significant portions of Chap. 1, 2,3,5,6, and 7. Dr. Marvin Cohen of Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) contributed a new version of Chap. 12 and contributed to the rewrite of Chap. 13. I thank Dr. Mark Richards (GTRI) who contributed the new section on pulse Doppler signal processor architecture; Me1 Belcher (GTRI) for the CFAR section in Chap. 4; A. Corbeil, J. DiDomizio, and R. DiDomizio of Technology Service Corporation, Trumbull, Connecticut for the new material on track before detect in Chap. 4; and Allen Sinsky of Allied- Signal for updating the ambiguity function material in Chap. 8. I remain indebted to those at the Applied Physics Laboratory who assisted with the first edition, and to my colleagues during 18 years at Technology Service Corporation where much of the new material evolved from various programs and short courses. I wish to thank Drs. E. K. Reedy, J. L. Eaves, and Jim Wiltse of Georgia Tech Research Institute for their encouragement and support in preparing this edition. I greatly appreciate the assistance of Janice Letow for typing, assembling, and keeping the manuscript on track. My final thanks to the patience and understanding of my wife, Lila, who supported me while I underestimated the effort of a new edition. Finally, thanks to my daughter and son-in-law, and to my son who expected me to build him a radar 20 years ago. I still do not know if I will ever get to build him one. xiii
    McGraw-Hill Reference Books of Interest Handbooks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers AVALONE AND BAUMEISTER COOMBS Basic Electronic Instrument Handbook COOMBS Printed Circuits Handbook CROFT AND SUMMERS American Electricians’ Handbook DI GIACOMO Digital Bus Handbook DI GIACOMO VLSI Handbook FINK AND BEATY FINK AND CHRISTIANSEN Electronics Engineers’ Handbook Standard Handbook of Engineering Calculations HICKS INGLIS Electronic Communications Handbook JOHNSON AND JASIK Antenna Engineering Handbook JURAN Quality Control Handbook KAUFMAN AND SEIDMAN Handbook for Electronics Engineering Technicians KAUFMAN AND SEIDMAN Handbook of Electronics Calculations KURT2 Handbook of Engineering Economics SKOLNIK Radar Handbook STOUT AND KAUFMAN Handbook of Microcircuit Design and Application STOUT AND KAUFMAN Handbook of Operational Amplifier Design Turn Engineering Mathematics Handbook W l L L I m s Designer’s Handbook of Integrated Circuits WILLIAMS AND TAYLOR Electronic Filter Design Handbook Dictionaries Dictionary of Computers Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dictionary of Engineering Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms MARKUS Electronics Dictionary Other Books BOITHIAS Radiowave Propagation GKiwirm- z rKci7owaue Arnpfcflers ana‘ Usciliiaators JOHNSON AND JASIK Antenna Applications Reference Guide MILLICAN Modern Antenna Design SKOLNIK Introduction to Radar Systems
    ABOUT THE AUTHOR A specialist in radar search techniques, radar systems, radar signal processing, and electro-optical devices, Fred E. Nathanson has supervised laboratory and prototype search and radar development and served with numerous evaluation and advisory groups. He is currently Principal Research Engineer with Georgia Tech Research Institute in Rockville, Maryland. Mr. Nathanson holds a B.E. in Electrical Engineering from John Hopkins University, and an M.S. from Columbia. A Fellow of the IEEE “for contributions to radar systems” and a member of the Radar Systems Panel, he has published many technical articles and taught intensive short courses worldwide.
    Preface The first version of this book was written in the late 1960s. At that time the relationships between the radar waveform, the carrier frequency, the signal processing, and the environment were understood well enough to project some highly capable systems. The digital age was just beginning, but implementation was still cumbersome and expensive. During the late 1970s and early 1980s a number of sophisticated but highly successful radars were developed using the knowledge of the environment to select the waveforms and taking advantage of the rapid progress in digital technology. As the 1980s evolved, radar was beginning to be called a mature technology until the Exocet missile, “stealth targets, sophisticated electronic countersurveillance measures (ECM), drug interdiction requirements, etc., demanded a new look at radar design and technology. This in turn requires further knowledge of the details of target reflectivity, natural clutter and clutter artifacts, and a radar’s susceptibility to electronic interference. The potential of remote sensing and space-based radars also requires a better understanding of the environment and signal processing. Thus the emphasis of this book is on radar design to cope with the “total environment” rather than any single performance goal. The total enuzronrnent, as defined here, includes the unwanted reflections from the sea, land areas, precipitation, and chaff, as well as thermal noise and jamming. It also recognizes that mapping, weather sensing, terrain avoidance, altimetry, etc., may be designed for a single-function radar or as modes of a multifunction radar. As in the first edition, the book is divided into three parts. The first four chapters contain an introduction to radar; expanded material on the fundamentals of antennas, transmitters, multipath and ducting problems; and a review of the radar equations for the detection of targets in the presence of noise and natural and man-made interference. This is followed by descriptions of the statistics of target detection and the techniques for obtaining automatic detection with considerable new material on advanced constant false alarm techniques and track- before-detect. xi
    xii Preface Chapter 5 contains a mostly new and thorough survey and analysis of the available material on the reflectivity of both natural and man- made targets. It includes the spectral, polarization, and wavelength properties since they all have been shown to have a substantial effect on the choice of processing technique. Chapter 6 contains greatly expanded material on propagation and the reflectivity from precipitation and chaff. This includes statistics on their occurrence, carrier-frequency selection, and frequency-agility effects, wind shear phenomena, the bright band, anomalous echoes, etc. with statistical descriptors to evaluate signal-processing techniques. Chapter 7 follows in the same format to describe sea and land clutter with new models, and statistical descriptions that must be included when analyzing high- resolution radar detection of low-flying targets. Reflectivity is related to carrier frequency, polarization, and ducting effects. Bistatic data are included. Chapters 8 through 13 contain descriptions of the various signal- processing techniques that are widely used or proposed for future radar systems. After a general discussion of processing concepts, specific techniques are discussed for the detection of moving targets by use of the Doppler effect (CW, MTI, pulse Doppler), FFTs, and fast convolvers and the pulse compression techniques (phase-coding, frequency-coding, and linear FM). In most of these signal-processing chapters there is a discussion of the theory of operation, and diagrams of typical processors with emphasis on the new digital implementations and the limitations and losses. The equations for performance evaluation, along with advantages and disadvantages of each technique, are generally included. Chapter 14 describes some newer or more specialized techniques such as the moving target detector (MTD) and clutter maps; ground, airborne, and space-based meteorological radars often using pulse-pair processors; and surveillance radars on aerostats. The final section contains a description on how to analyze or simulate coherent radars including the limitations and related loss terms. It is not suggested that there is an optimum radar or even a generally optimum waveform, but that in the impending era of adaptive radar, the radar will sense the environment and adapt to this information. While not specifically written as a textbook, the earlier edition was used for a number of graduate courses on radar and in many intensive short courses. An attempt has been made to better organize the material, while retaining the chapter structure for those familiar with the first edition. Supplementary material and further derivations are available in the 800 references. Fred E. Nathanson
    Contents Preface Acknowledgments xi xiii Chapter 1. Radar and Its Composite Environment F. E. Nathanson and J. P. Reilly 1.1 Radar Functions and Applications 1.2 Evolution of Radar Signal Processing 1.3 Radar and the Radar Equation 1.4 Functions of Various Types of Radar 1.5 Target-Detection Radars for Aircraft, Missiles, and Satellites 1.6 Radar Frequency Bands and Carrier Selection 1.7 Surface and Low-Altitude Target Detection 1.8 Criteria for Choice of Signal-Processing Techniques 1.9 Antenna and Array Considerations 1.10 Transmitters 1.11 Radar Grazing Angle for Refractive Conditions-?4 Earth Approximation 1.12 Forward-Scatter Effects Chapter 2. Review of Radar Range Performance Computations F. E. Nathanson and J. P. Reilly 2.1 General Radar Range Equation 2.2 Radar Detection with Noise Jamming or Interference 2.3 Beacon and Repeater Equations 2.4 Bistatic Radar 2.5 Radar Detection Equations in Distributed Clutter (Volume Reflectors) for Pulse Radars 2.6 Pulse-Radar Detection Equations for Area Clutter 1 1 3 5 9 11 17 21 24 26 31 33 41 49 49 60 64 65 67 71 V
    分享到：
    赞 收藏

    相关推荐

    资料库

    信息化

    共收录1827份资料，累计6个分类，关注成员有19位，主要包括：管理软件,企业管理,电子商务,其它,IT管理,项目管理

    热门标签

    管理软件 企业管理 电子商务 其它 IT管理 项目管理

    最新资料