Web Development with Go.pdf

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Contents at a Glance

Contents

About the Author

About the Technical Reviewer

Introduction

Chapter 1: Getting Started with Go

Introducing Go

Minimalistic Language with Pragmatic Design

A Static Type Language with High Productivity

Concurrency Is a Built-In Feature at the Language Level

Go Compiles Programs Quickly

Go as a General-Purpose Language

Go Ecosystem

Installing the Go Tools

Checking the Installation

Setting up a Work Environment

Go Workspace

GOPATH Environment Variable

Code Organization Paths

Writing Go Programs

Writing a Hello World Program

Writing a Library

Testing Go Code

Using Go Playground

Using Go Mobile

Go as a Language for Web and Microservices

Summary

Chapter 2: Go Fundamentals

Packages

Package main

Package Alias

Function init

Using a Blank Identifier

Importing Packages

Install Third-Party Packages

Writing Packages

Go Tool

Formatting Go Code

Go Documentation

Working with Collections

Arrays

Slices

Creating a Slice with the make Function

Creating a Slice with Slice Literal

Slice Functions

Length and Capacity

Iterating Over Slices

Maps

Defer, Panic, and Recover

Defer

Panic

Recover

Error Handling

Summary

Chapter 3: User-Defined Types and Concurrency

User-defined Types with Structs

Creating a Struct Type

Creating Instances of Struct Types

Adding Behavior to a Struct Type

Calling Struct Methods

Pointer Method Receivers

Type Composition

Overriding Methods of Embedded Type

Working with Interfaces

Concurrency

Goroutines

GOMAXPROCS and Parallelism

Channels

Unbuffered Channel

Buffered Channels

Summary

Chapter 4: Getting Started with Web Development

net/http Package

Processing HTTP Requests

Serve Mux

Handler

Building a Static Web Server

Creating Custom Handlers

Using Functions as Handlers

http.HandlerFunc type

ServeMux.HandleFunc Function

DefaultServeMux

http.Server Struct

Gorilla Mux

Building a RESTful API

Data Model and Data Store

Configuring the Multiplexer

Handler Functions for CRUD Operations

Summary

Chapter 5: Working with Go Templates

text/template Package

Working with text/template

Define Named Templates

Declaring Variables

Using Pipes

Building HTML Views Using html/template

Building a Web Application

Data Structure and Data Store

main function

Views and Template Definition Files

Initializing View Templates

Rendering the Index Page

Rendering the Add Page

Rendering the Edit Page

Summary

Chapter 6: HTTP Middleware

Introduction to HTTP Middleware

Writing HTTP Middleware

How to Write HTTP Middleware

Writing a Logging Middleware

Controlling the Flow of HTTP Middleware

Using Third-Party Middleware

Using Gorilla Handlers

Installing Gorilla Handlers

Working with Gorilla Handlers

Middleware Chaining with the Alice Package

Installing Alice

Working with Alice

Using Middleware with the Negroni Package

Getting Started with Negroni

Installing Negroni

Routing with Negroni

Registering Middleware

Registering Middleware for Specific Routes

Working with a Negroni Middleware Stack

Sharing Values Among Middleware

Using Gorilla context

Setting and Getting Values with Gorilla context

Summary

Chapter 7: Authentication to Web Apps

Authentication and Authorization

Authentication Approaches

Cookie-Based Authentication

Token-Based Authentication

Authentication with OAuth 2

Understanding OAuth 2

Authentication with OAuth 2 using the Goth Package

Authentication with JSON Web Token

Working with JWT Using the jwt-go Package

Generating the JWT Token

Validating the JWT Token

Running and Testing the API Server

Using HTTP Middleware to Validate JWT Tokens

Summary

Chapter 8: Persistence with MongoDB

Introduction to MongoDB

Getting Started Using MongoDB

Introduction to mgo Driver for MongoDB

Installing mgo

Connecting to MongoDB

Accessing Collections

CRUD Operations with MongoDB

Inserting Documents

Inserting Struct Values

Inserting Embedded Documents

Reading Documents

Retrieving All Records

Sorting Records

Retrieving a Single Record

Updating Documents

Deleting Documents

Indexes in MongoDB

Managing Sessions

Summary

Chapter 9: Building RESTful Services

RESTful APIs: the Backbone of Digital Transformation

API-Driven Development with RESTful APIs

Go: the Great Stack for RESTful Services

Go: the Great Stack for Microservice Architecture

RESTful Services in Microservice Architecture

Building RESTful APIs

Third-Party Packages

Application Structure

Data Model

Resource Modeling for RESTful APIs

Mapping Resources with Application Routes

Routes for the Users Resource

Routes for the Tasks Resource

Adding Route-Specific Middleware

Routes for the TaskNote Resource

Initializing Routes for a RESTful API

Setting up the RESTful API Application

Initializing Configuration Values

Loading Private/Public RSA Keys

Creating a MongoDB Session Object

Adding Indexes into MongoDB

Initialization Logic in the common Package

Starting the HTTP Server

Authentication

Generating and Verifying JWT

Generating JWT

Sending JWT to the Server

Authorizing JWT

Application Handlers

Helper for Displaying HTTP Errors

Handling Data for an HTTP Request Lifecycle

Handlers for the Users Resource

JSON Resource Models

Handlers for the Users Resource

Registering New Users

Logging in to the System

Data Persistence with MongoDB

Handlers for the Tasks Resource

JSON Resource Models

Handlers for the Tasks Resource

Testing API Operations for the Tasks Resource

Handlers for Notes Resource

JSON Resource Models

Go Dependencies Using Godep

Installing the godep Tool

Using godep with TaskManager

Restoring an Application’s Dependencies

Deploying HTTP Servers with Docker

Introduction to Docker

Writing Dockerfile

Go Web Frameworks

Summary

References

Chapter 10: Testing Go Applications

Unit Testing

Test-Driven Development (TDD)

Unit Testing with Go

Writing Unit Tests

Getting Test Coverage

Benchmark Unit Tests

Verifying Example Code

Skipping Test Cases

Running Tests Cases in Parallel

Putting Tests in Separate Packages

Testing Web Applications

Testing with ResponseRecorder

Testing with Server

BDD Testing in Go

Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

Behavior-Driven Development with Ginkgo

Refactoring the HTTP API

Writing BDD-style Tests

Installing Ginkgo and Gomega

Bootstrapping a Suite

Adding Specs to the Suite

Organizing Specs with Containers

Writing Specs in the Test File

Running Specs

Summary

Chapter 11: Building Go Web Applications on Google Cloud

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Container as a Service

Introduction to Google Cloud

Google App Engine (GAE)

Cloud Services with App Engine

User Authentication

Cloud Datastore

Cloud Bigtable

Google Cloud SQL

Memcache

Traffic Splitting

Logging

Task Queues

Security Scanning

Google App Engine for Go

Go Development Environment

Building App Engine Applications

Writing an HTTP Server

Creating the Configuration File

Testing the Application in Development Server

Deploying App Engine Applications into the Cloud

Creating Hybrid Stand-alone/App Engine applications

Working with Cloud Native Databases

Introduction to Google Cloud Datastore

Entities

Ancestors and Descendants

Working with Cloud Datastore

Creating a New Entity

Querying the Datastore

Running the Application

Building Back-end APIs with Cloud Endpoints

Cloud Endpoints for Go

Installing the endpoints Package

Cloud Endpoints Back-end APIs in Go

Running Cloud Endpoints Back-end API

Generating Client Libraries

Summary

References

Index

THE E XPERT’S VOICE® IN GO Web Development with Go Building Scalable Web Apps and RESTful Services — Shiju Varghese www.it-ebooks.info

Web Development with Go Building Scalable Web Apps and RESTful Services Shiju Varghese www.it-ebooks.info

Web Development with Go Copyright © 2015 by Shiju Varghese This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-1053-6 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-1052-9 Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Managing Director: Welmoed Spahr Lead Editor: Celestin John Suresh Technical Reviewer: Prateek Baheti Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Louise Corrigan, Jim DeWolf, Jonathan Gennick, Robert Hutchinson, Michelle Lowman, James Markham, Susan McDermott, Matthew Moodie, Jeffrey Pepper, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Gwenan Spearing Coordinating Editor: Jill Balzano Copy Editor: Nancy Sixsmith Compositor: SPi Global Indexer: SPi Global Artist: SPi Global Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit www.springer.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation. For information on translations, please e-mail rights@apress.com, or visit www.apress.com. Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Special Bulk Sales–eBook Licensing web page at www.apress.com/bulk-sales. Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this text is available to readers at www.apress.com. For detailed information about how to locate your book’s source code, go to www.apress.com/source-code/. www.it-ebooks.info

I would like to dedicate this book to my parents, the late C.S. Varghese and Rosy Varghese. I would like to thank them for their unconditional love and life struggles for the betterment of our lives. I would like to dedicate this book to my lovely wife Rosmi and beautiful daughter Irene Rose. Without their love and support, this book would not have been possible. Finally, I would like to dedicate this book to my elder sister Shaijy and younger brother Shinto. —Shiju Varghese www.it-ebooks.info

Contents at a Glance About the Author .....................................................................................................xv About the Technical Reviewer ...............................................................................xvii Introduction ............................................................................................................xix ■Chapter 1: Getting Started with Go ........................................................................ 1 ■Chapter 2: Go Fundamentals ............................................................................... 15 ■Chapter 3: User-Deﬁned Types and Concurrency ................................................ 35 ■Chapter 4: Getting Started with Web Development ............................................. 59 ■Chapter 5: Working with Go Templates ............................................................... 79 ■Chapter 6: HTTP Middleware ............................................................................... 99 ■Chapter 7: Authentication to Web Apps ............................................................. 121 ■Chapter 8: Persistence with MongoDB .............................................................. 141 ■Chapter 9: Building RESTful Services ................................................................ 159 ■Chapter 10: Testing Go Applications .................................................................. 211 ■Chapter 11: Building Go Web Applications on Google Cloud ............................. 251 Index ..................................................................................................................... 285 v www.it-ebooks.info

Contents About the Author .....................................................................................................xv About the Technical Reviewer ...............................................................................xvii Introduction ............................................................................................................xix ■Chapter 1: Getting Started with Go ........................................................................ 1 Introducing Go .................................................................................................................. 1 Minimalistic Language with Pragmatic Design ......................................................................................1 A Static Type Language with High Productivity ......................................................................................2 Concurrency Is a Built-In Feature at the Language Level .......................................................................2 Go Compiles Programs Quickly...............................................................................................................3 Go as a General-Purpose Language .......................................................................................................3 Go Ecosystem ................................................................................................................... 4 Installing the Go Tools ...................................................................................................... 4 Checking the Installation ........................................................................................................................6 Setting up a Work Environment ........................................................................................ 7 Go Workspace .........................................................................................................................................7 GOPATH Environment Variable ................................................................................................................7 Code Organization Paths ........................................................................................................................7 Writing Go Programs ........................................................................................................ 8 Writing a Hello World Program ...............................................................................................................8 Writing a Library .....................................................................................................................................9 Testing Go Code ....................................................................................................................................11 Using Go Playground ............................................................................................................................12 vii www.it-ebooks.info

■ CONTENTS Using Go Mobile ............................................................................................................. 13 Go as a Language for Web and Microservices ............................................................... 13 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 14 ■Chapter 2: Go Fundamentals ............................................................................... 15 Packages ........................................................................................................................ 15 Package main .......................................................................................................................................15 Package Alias .......................................................................................................................................16 Function init ..........................................................................................................................................16 Using a Blank Identiﬁer ........................................................................................................................17 Importing Packages ..............................................................................................................................18 Install Third-Party Packages .................................................................................................................18 Writing Packages ..................................................................................................................................19 Go Tool ............................................................................................................................ 21 Formatting Go Code ..............................................................................................................................22 Go Documentation ................................................................................................................................23 Working with Collections ................................................................................................ 24 Arrays ...................................................................................................................................................24 Slices ....................................................................................................................................................25 Maps .....................................................................................................................................................29 Defer, Panic, and Recover ............................................................................................... 31 Defer .....................................................................................................................................................31 Panic .....................................................................................................................................................32 Recover .................................................................................................................................................32 Error Handling ................................................................................................................ 33 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 34 ■Chapter 3: User-Deﬁned Types and Concurrency ................................................ 35 User-deﬁned Types with Structs .................................................................................... 35 Creating a Struct Type ..........................................................................................................................35 Creating Instances of Struct Types .......................................................................................................36 Adding Behavior to a Struct Type ..........................................................................................................37 viii www.it-ebooks.info

■ CONTENTS Type Composition ........................................................................................................... 40 Overriding Methods of Embedded Type .......................................................................... 43 Working with Interfaces ................................................................................................. 44 Concurrency ................................................................................................................... 50 Goroutines ............................................................................................................................................50 GOMAXPROCS and Parallelism .............................................................................................................53 Channels ...............................................................................................................................................54 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 58 ■Chapter 4: Getting Started with Web Development ............................................. 59 net/http Package ............................................................................................................ 59 Processing HTTP Requests ............................................................................................. 60 ServeMux ..............................................................................................................................................61 Handler .................................................................................................................................................61 Building a Static Web Server .......................................................................................... 61 Creating Custom Handlers.............................................................................................. 63 Using Functions as Handlers .......................................................................................... 64 http.HandlerFunc type ..........................................................................................................................64 ServeMux.HandleFunc Function ...........................................................................................................66 DefaultServeMux ............................................................................................................ 66 http.Server Struct ........................................................................................................... 67 Gorilla Mux ..................................................................................................................... 69 Building a RESTful API .................................................................................................... 70 Data Model and Data Store ...................................................................................................................72 Conﬁguring the Multiplexer ..................................................................................................................73 Handler Functions for CRUD Operations ...............................................................................................74 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 77 ix www.it-ebooks.info

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