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TEXTS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE Editors David Gries Fred B. Schneider

Sivarama P. Dandamudi Introduction to Assembly Language Programming For Pentium and RISC Processors With 75 Illustrations

Sivarama P. Dandamudi School of Computer Science Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada sivarama@scs.carleton.ca Series Editors: David Gries Fred B. Schneider Department of Computer Science Cornell University Upson Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-7501 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dandamudi, Sivarama P., 1955– Introduction to Assembly language programming : Pentium and RISC processors / Sivarama P. Dandamudi.— 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Texts in computer science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-20636-1 (alk. paper) 1. Assembler language (Computer program language) 2. Microprocessors—Programming. QA76.73.A87D36 2004 005.13′6—dc22 I. Title. II. Series. ISBN 0-387-20636-1 Printed on acid-free paper. Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. 2004049182  2005, 1998 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (HAM) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10949580 springeronline.com

my parents, Subba Rao and Prameela Rani, To my wife, Sobha, and my daughter, Veda

Preface The objective of this book is to introduce assembly language programming. Assembly lan- guage is very closely linked to the underlying processor architecture and design. Popular processor designs can be broadly divided into two categories: Complex Instruction Set Com- puters (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). The dominant processor in the PC market, Pentium, belongs to the CISC category. However, the recent design trend is to use the RISC designs. Some example RISC processors include the MIPS, SPARC, PowerPC, and ARM. Even Intel’s 64-bit processor Itanium is a RISC processor. Thus, both types of processors are important candidates for our study. This book covers assembly language programming of both CISC and RISC processors. We use the Intel Pentium processor as the representative of the CISC category. We have selected the Pentium processor because of its market dominance. To explore RISC assembly language, we selected the MIPS processor. The MIPS processor is appealing as it closely adheres to the RISC principles. Furthermore, the availability of the SPIM simulator allows us to use a Pentium-based PC to learn MIPS assembly language. New in the Second Edition The second edition has been substantially revised to reﬂect the changes that have taken place since the publication of the ﬁrst edition. The major changes are listed below: • We introduced RISC assembly language programming so that the reader can beneﬁt from learning both CISC and RISC assembly languages. As mentioned before, Pentium and MIPS processors are used to cover CISC and RISC processors. vii

viii Preface • The ﬁrst edition used MASM/TASM assemblers. In this edition, we use the NASM assembler. The syntax of NASM is slightly different from that of MASM/TASM as- semblers. The advantage is that NASM is free! Another advantage is that it works with both Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. • Consistent with our shift to NASM, we moved away from DOS to Linux. Since NASM is available for Windows and Linux, most of the programs in this book can be used with either Windows or Linux. However, we clearly indicate our preference to Linux. This preference is exposed in chapters like “High-Level Language Interface” that deal with mixed-mode programming involving C and assembly language. For example, in Chapter 17, we use the GNU C compiler (gcc) rather than the Microsoft or Borland C compiler. Similarly, in Appendix C we use the GNU debugger (gdb) to explore the debugging process. • The “Basic Computer Organization” chapter (Chapter 2) has been completely rewritten to give a general background on computer organization. The Pentium processor details are moved to a new chapter (Chapter 4). • A completely new chapter has been added to discuss Pentium’s protected mode inter- rupt processing. • We have added a new chapter on recursion. This chapter discusses how we can imple- ment recursive procedures in the Pentium and MIPS assembly languages. • We have augmented the Pentium assembly language programming by describing its ﬂoating-point instructions. This entire chapter is new in this edition. In addition to these major changes, all chapters have gone through extensive revision. Some chapters have been reorganized to eliminate the duplication present in the ﬁrst edition. Intended Use Assembly language programming is part of several undergraduate curricula in computer sci- ence, computer engineering, and electrical engineering departments. This book can be used as a text for those courses that teach assembly language. It can also be used as a companion text in a computer organization course for teaching the assembly language. Because we cover both CISC and RISC processors, the instructor can select the assembly language that best ﬁts her or his course. In addition, it can be used as a text in vocational training courses offered by community colleges. Because of the teach-by-example style used in the book, it is also suitable for self- study by computer professionals and engineers. Instructional Support The book’s Web site (www.scs.carleton.ca/˜sivarama/asm_book) has complete chapter-by-chapter PowerPoint slides for instructors. Instructors can use these slides directly

Preface ix in their classes or can modify them to suit their needs. In addition, instructors can obtain the solutions manual by contacting the publisher. For more up-to-date details, please see the book’s Web site. Prerequisites The student is assumed to have had some experience in a structured, high-level language such as C. However, the book does not assume extensive knowledge of any high-level language— only the basics are needed. Furthermore, it is assumed that the student has a rudimentary background in the software development cycle, as is obtained in a typical high-level program- ming course. Features Here is a summary of the special features that sets this book apart: • This is probably the only book to cover the assembly language programming of both CISC and RISC processors. • This book uses NASM and Linux as opposed to scores of other books that use MASM and Windows. • The book is self-contained and does not assume a background in computer organization. All necessary background material on computer organization is presented in the book. • This book contains a methodical organization of chapters for a step-by-step introduction to the assembly language. • Extensive examples are used in each chapter to illustrate the points discussed in the chapter. Our objective is not just to explain how an instruction works but also to provide the rationale as to why the instruction has been designed the way it is. • Procedures are introduced early on to encourage modular programming in developing assembly language programs. • A set of input and output routines is provided so that the student can focus on developing assembly language programs rather than spending time in understanding how the input and output are done using the basic I/O functions provided by the operating system. • This book does not use fragments of code in examples. All examples are complete in the sense that they can be assembled and run, giving a better feeling as to how these programs work. • All examples and other required software are available from the book’s Web site (www. scs.carleton.ca/˜sivarama/asm_book) to give opportunities for students to perform hands-on assembly programming. • Most chapters are written in such a way that each chapter can be covered in two or three 60-minute lectures by giving proper reading assignments. Typically, important

x Preface concepts are emphasized in the lectures while leaving the other material as a reading assignment. Our emphasis on extensive examples facilitates this pedagogical approach. • Interchapter dependencies are kept to a minimum to offer maximum ﬂexibility to in- structors in organizing the material. Each chapter clearly indicates the objectives and provides an overview at the beginning and a summary at the end. • Each chapter contains two types of exercises—review and programming—to reinforce the concepts discussed in the chapter. • The appendices provide special reference material that contains a thorough treatment of various topics. Overview and Organization The 18 chapters in the book are divided into 6 parts (see the ﬁgure on the next page for chap- ter dependencies). Part I presents introductory topics and consists of the ﬁrst two chapters. Chapter 1 provides introduction to the assembly language and gives reasons for programming in the assembly language. Chapter 2 presents the basics of computer organization with a focus on three system components: processor, memory, and I/O. Part II is dedicated to Pentium assembly language programming. It consists of nine chapters—Chapters 3 through 11. This part begins with a description of the Pentium pro- cessor organization (Chapter 3). In particular, this chapter gives sufﬁcient details on the 16- and 32-bit Intel processors so that the student can effectively program in the assembly lan- guage. Chapter 4 gives an overview of the assembly language. After covering these two chapters, one can write simple standalone assembly language programs. To emphasize the importance of modular programming, procedures are introduced early on (in Chapter 5). The other chapters in this part expand on the overview given in Chapter 4. Chapter 6 presents the addressing modes supported by the Intel 16- and 32-bit processors. This chapter also contains a detailed discussion on the motivation for providing the various addressing modes. Addressing modes are one of the differentiating characteristics of CISC processors. Chapter 7 discusses the arithmetic instructions and the use of the ﬂags register. Chapters 8 and 9 present conditional and bit manipulation instructions. A feature of these two chapters is that they relate how high-level language statements can be implemented using the instructions discussed in these two chapters. Chapter 10 discusses the string processing instructions in detail. ASCII and BCD arithmetic instructions are presented in Chapter 11. The ﬁrst four chapters of this part—Chapters 3 to 6—should be covered in some detail for proper grounding in assembly language programming. However, the remaining ﬁve chapters can be studied in any order. In addition, the depth at which these ﬁve chapters are covered can be varied without sacriﬁcing the effectiveness, depending on the time available and im- portance to the course objective. Part III is dedicated to the MIPS assembly language programming. Chapter 12 describes the RISC design principles; it also covers MIPS processor details. The MIPS assembly lan- guage is presented in Chapter 13. This chapter also gives details on the SPIM simulator. All

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