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Matlab面向对象编程.pdf

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    toc
    Using Object-Oriented Design in MATLAB
    Where to Begin
    Video Demo of MATLAB Classes
    MATLAB Programmer Without Object-Oriented Programming Experience
    MATLAB Programmer with Object-Oriented Programming Experience
    Why Use Object-Oriented Design
    Approaches to Writing MATLAB Programs
    Procedural Program Design
    Object-Oriented Program Design
    Classes and Objects
    Using Objects in MATLAB Programs
    Objects Organize Data
    Objects Manage Their Own Data
    When Should You Start Creating Object-Oriented Programs
    Understanding a Problem in Terms of Its Objects
    Objects Manage Internal State
    Reducing Redundancy
    Defining Consistent Interfaces
    Reducing Complexity
    Fostering Modularity
    Overloaded Functions and Operators
    Reduce Code Redundancy
    Learning More
    Class Diagrams Used in This Documentation
    MATLAB Classes Overview
    MATLAB Classes
    Classes in the MATLAB Language
    User-Defined Classes
    MATLAB Classes — Key Terms
    Some Basic Relationships
    Classes
    Class Hierarchies
    Reusing Solutions
    Objects
    Encapsulating Information
    Examples to Get Started
    Learning Object-Oriented Programming
    Detailed Information and Examples
    Rapid Access to Information
    Developing Classes — Typical Workflow
    Formulating a Class
    Defining Class Data
    Defining Class Operations
    Defining Class Events
    Implementing the BankAccount Class
    Display Fully Commented Example Code
    Class Definition
    Implementing the AccountManager Class
    Class Definition
    Using the BankAccount Class
    Using Objects to Write Data to a File
    Flexible Workflow
    Performing a Task with an Object
    The Filewriter Class
    Using a Filewriter Object
    Using Objects in Functions
    More Information on These Techniques
    Example — Representing Structured Data
    Display Fully Commented Example Code
    Objects As Data Structures
    Concepts on Which This Example Is Based.
    Structure of the Data
    Defining the TensileData Class
    Creating an Instance and Assigning Data
    Advantages of a Class vs. a Structure Array
    Restricting Properties to Specific Values
    Defining the Material Property Set Function
    Simplifying the Interface with a Constructor
    Calculating Modulus
    Dependent Properties
    Modulus Property Get Method
    Modulus Property Set Method
    Displaying TensileData Objects
    A Method to Plot Stress vs. Strain
    Example — Implementing Linked Lists
    Displaying Fully Commented Example Code
    Important Concepts Demonstrated
    Encapsulation
    Handle Class Behavior
    dlnode Class Design
    Class Properties
    Class Methods
    Creating Doubly Linked Lists
    Why a Handle Class for Doubly Linked Lists?
    Defining the dlnode Class
    Class Properties
    Creating a Node Object
    Disconnecting Nodes
    Inserting Nodes
    Displaying a Node on the Command Line
    Deleting a Node Object
    Specializing the dlnode Class
    Using the NamedNode Class to Create a Doubly Linked List
    Example — Class for Graphing Functions
    Display Fully Commented Example Code
    Class Definition Block
    Using the topo Class
    Behavior of the Handle Class
    How a Value Class Differs
    Class Definition—Syntax Reference
    Class Folders
    Options for Class Folders
    Creating a Single, Self-Contained Class Definition File
    Distributing the Class Definition to Mulitple Files
    Grouping Classes with Package Folders
    More Information on Class Folders
    Class Components
    Class Building Blocks
    More In Depth Information
    The Classdef Block
    Specifying Attributes and Superclasses
    Assigning Class Attributes
    Specifying Superclasses
    Specifying Properties
    What You Can Define
    How to Initialize Property Values
    Defining Default Values
    Assigning Property Values from Within the Constructor
    Initializing Properties to Unique Values
    Property Attributes
    Property Access Methods
    Referencing Object Properties Using Variables
    Specifying Methods and Functions
    The Methods Block
    Method Calling Syntax
    Methods In Separate Files
    Define the Method Like Any Function
    Methods That Must Be In the classdef File
    Specify Method Attributes in classdef File
    Defining Static Methods in Separate Files
    For an Example
    Defining Private Methods
    More Detailed Information On Methods
    Defining Class-Related Functions
    Events and Listeners
    Specifying Events
    Listening for Events
    Specifying Attributes
    Attribute Syntax
    Attribute Descriptions
    Specifying Attribute Values
    Simpler Syntax for true/false Attributes
    Calling Superclass Methods on Subclass Objects
    Calling a Superclass Constructor
    Calling Superclass Methods
    A Class Code Listing
    Example of Class Definition Syntax
    Understanding Code Analyzer Warnings
    Syntax Warnings and Property Names
    Warnings Caused by Variable/Property Name Conflicts
    Exception to Variable/Property Name Rule
    Functions Used with Objects
    Functions to Query Class Members
    Functions to Test Objects
    Using the Editor and Debugger with Classes
    Referring to Class Files
    Debugging Class Files
    Modifying and Reloading Classes
    Ensuring MATLAB Uses Your Changes
    Clear Class Instances
    Clear Classes
    Places That Can Hold Instances
    Compatibility with Previous Versions
    New Class-Definition Syntax Introduced with MATLAB Software Vers
    Cannot Mix Class Hierarchy
    Only One @-Folder per Class
    Private Methods
    Changes to Class Constructors
    Example of Old and New Syntax
    New Features Introduced with Version 7.6
    Examples of Old and New
    Obsolete Documentation
    MATLAB and Other OO Languages
    Some Differences from C++ and Sun Java Code
    Public Properties
    Passing Objects to Functions
    No Implicit Parameters
    Dispatching
    Calling Superclass Method
    Other Differences
    Common Object-Oriented Techniques
    Defining and Organizing Classes
    Class Overview
    MATLAB User-Defined Classes
    Attributes for Class Members
    Kinds of Classes
    Constructing Objects
    Creating Class Hierarchies
    Defining Classes — Syntax
    classdef Syntax
    Examples of Class Definitions
    Class Attributes
    Table of Class Attributes
    Specifying Attributes
    Superclass Attributes Are Not Inherited
    Attribute Syntax
    Using Expressions in Class Definitions
    Basic Knowledge
    Where Can You Use Expressions
    Expressions in Attribute Specifications
    Expressions in Default Property Specifications
    Expressions in Class Methods
    How MATLAB Evaluates Expressions
    When Does MATLAB Evaluate These Expressions
    Organizing Classes in Folders
    Options for Class Folders
    @-Folders
    Path Folders
    Access to Functions Defined in Private Folders
    Class Precedence and MATLAB Path
    Previous Behavior of Classes Defined in @-Folders
    Specifying Class Precedence
    InferiorClasses Attribute
    Dominant Class
    More Information
    No Attribute Inheritance
    Scoping Classes with Packages
    Package Folders
    Listing the Contents of a Package
    Referencing Package Members Within Packages
    Referencing Package Members from Outside the Package
    Accessing Class Members — Various Scenarios
    Packages and the MATLAB Path
    Resolving Redundant Names
    Package Functions vs. Static Methods
    Importing Classes
    Related Information
    Syntax for Importing Classes
    Importing Package Functions
    Package Function and Class Method Name Conflict
    Clearing Import List
    Value or Handle Class — Which to Use
    Comparing Handle and Value Classes
    Why Select Handle or Value
    Behavior of MATLAB Built-In Classes
    Behavior of User-Defined Classes
    Value Classes
    Value Class Behavior
    Creating a Value Class
    Handle Classes
    Creating a Handle Class
    Subclasses of Handle Classes
    Handle Class Behavior
    Initializing Properties to Handle Objects
    employee as a Value Class
    Deleting Handles
    Which Kind of Class to Use
    Examples of Value and Handle Classes
    When to Use Handle Classes
    When to Use Value Classes
    The Handle Superclass
    Building on the Handle Class
    Handle Subclasses
    Handle Class Methods
    Relational Methods
    Testing Handle Validity
    Determining If a Handle Belongs to the Handle Class
    Handle Class Delete Methods
    When to Define a Delete Method for Your Class
    Object Lifecycle
    Sequence During Handle Object Destruction
    Restricting Object Deletion
    Deleting Subclass Objects
    Finding Handle Objects and Properties
    Finding Handle Objects
    Finding Handle Object Properties
    Implementing a Set/Get Interface for Properties
    The Standard Set/Get Interface
    Property Get Method
    Property Set Method
    Subclassing hgsetget
    Listing All Properties
    Customizing the Property List
    Controlling the Number of Instances
    Limiting Instances
    Implementing a Singleton Class
    Properties — Storing Class Data
    How to Use Properties
    What Are Properties
    Flexibility of Object Properties
    Types of Properties
    Features of Stored Properties
    When to Use Stored Properties
    Features of Dependent Properties
    When to Use Dependent Properties
    Defining Properties
    Property Definition Block
    Assigning a Default Value
    Accessing Property Values
    Inheritance of Properties
    Specifying Property Attributes
    Property Attributes
    Table of Property Attributes
    Controlling Property Access
    Property Access Methods
    Restrictions on Access Methods
    Access Methods Cannot Call Other Functions to Access Property Va
    Defining Access Methods
    Property Set Methods
    Set Method Behavior
    Property Get Methods
    Dependent Properties — Values Not Stored
    When to Use Set Methods with Dependent Properties
    When to Use Private Set Access with Dependent Properties
    Set and Get Method Execution and Property Events
    Access Methods and Subscripted Reference and Assignment
    Performing Additional Steps with Property Access Methods
    Dynamic Properties — Adding Properties to an Instance
    What Are Dynamic Properties
    Characteristics of Dynamic Properties
    Defining Dynamic Properties
    Setting Dynamic Property Attributes
    Assigning Data to the Dynamic Property
    Responding to Dynamic-Property Events
    Triggering the PropertyAdded Event
    Dynamic Properties and Ordinary Property Events
    Defining Property Access Methods for Dynamic Properties
    Dynamic Properties and ConstructOnLoad
    Methods — Defining Class Operations
    Class Methods
    What Are Methods
    Kinds of Methods
    Method Attributes
    Table of Method Attributes
    Ordinary Methods
    Defining Methods
    Methods Inside classdef Block
    Methods in Separate Files
    Determining Which Method Is Invoked
    Dominant Argument
    Dot Notation vs. Function Notation
    Referencing Names with Expressions—Dynamic Reference
    Specifying Precedence
    Controlling Access to Methods
    Invoking Superclass Methods in Subclass Methods
    Limitations of Use
    Invoking Built-In Methods
    Class Constructor Methods
    Rules for Constructors
    Examples of Class Constructors
    Initializing the Object Within a Constructor
    Referencing the Object in a Constructor
    Supporting the No Input Argument Case
    Constructing Subclasses
    Reference Only Specified Superclasses
    Make No Conditional Calls to Superclass Constructors
    Zero or More Superclass Arguments
    More on Subclasses
    Errors During Class Construction
    Basic Structure of Constructor Methods
    Static Methods
    Why Define Static Methods
    Defining a Static Method
    Calling Static Methods
    Inheriting Static Methods
    Overloading Functions for Your Class
    Overloading MATLAB Functions
    Using MATLAB Functions in Conversion Methods
    Implementing MATLAB Operators
    Rules for Naming to Avoid Conflicts
    Object Precedence in Expressions Using Operators
    Specifying Precedence of User-Defined Classes
    Location in the Hierarchy
    Class Methods for Graphics Callbacks
    Callback Arguments
    Background Information
    General Syntax for Callbacks
    Object Scope and Anonymous Functions
    Using Value Classes
    Using Handle Classes
    Example — Class Method as a Slider Callback
    Displaying the Class Files
    Class Properties
    Class Constructor
    Using the SeaLevelAdjuster Class
    Object Arrays
    Information About Arrays
    Basic Knowledge
    Creating Object Arrays
    Building Arrays in the Constructor
    Initializing Arrays of Value Objects
    Initial Values of Object Array Properties
    Creating Empty Arrays
    Assigning Values to an Empty Array
    Arrays of Handle Objects
    Initializing a Handle Object Array
    Concatenating Objects of Different Classes
    Basic Knowledge
    MATLAB Concatenation Rules
    Concatenating Objects
    Modifying Default Concatenation
    Converting to the Dominant Class
    Calling the Dominant-Class Constructor
    Implementing Converter Methods
    Events — Sending and Responding to Messages
    Learning to Use Events and Listeners
    What You Can Do With Events and Listeners
    Some Basic Examples
    Quick Overview
    Simple Event Listener Example
    Defining and Triggering an Event
    Defining the Event Data
    Creating a Listener for the Overflow Event
    Responding to a Button Click
    The PushButton Class
    The AxesObj Class
    Creating a Listener for the Property Event
    Events and Listeners — Concepts
    The Event Model
    Default Event Data
    Customizing Event Data
    Events Only in Handle Classes
    Property-Set and Query Events
    Listeners
    Listener Order of Execution
    Event Attributes
    Table of Event Attributes
    Defining Events and Listeners — Syntax and Techniques
    Naming Events
    Triggering Events
    Listening to Events
    Removing Listeners
    Defining Event-Specific Data
    Ways to Create Listeners
    Attach Listener to Event Source — Using addlistener
    Limiting Listener Scope — Constructing event.listener Objects Di
    Temporarily Deactivating Listeners
    Permanently Deleting Listeners
    Defining Listener Callback Functions
    Adding Arguments to a Callback Function
    Listening for Changes to Property Values
    Creating Property Listeners
    Set Property Attributes to Enable Property Events
    Define a Callback Function for the Property Event
    Add a Listener to the Property
    Example Property Event and Listener Classes
    Class Generating the Event
    Class Defining the Listeners
    Aborting Set When Value Does Not Change
    How AbortSet Works
    Example — Using Events to Update Graphs
    Example Overview
    Access Fully Commented Example Code
    Techniques Demonstrated in This Example
    Summary of fcneval Class
    Summary of fcnview Class
    Methods Inherited from Handle Class
    Using the fcneval and fcnview Classes
    Implementing the UpdateGraph Event and Listener
    Defining and Firing the UpdateGraph Event
    Determining When to Trigger the Event
    Determining Suitability of the Expression
    Other Approaches
    Defining the Listener and Callback for the UpdateGraph Event
    Implementing the PostSet Property Event and Listener
    Sequence During the Lm Property Assignment
    Enabling the PostSet Property Event
    Defining the Listener and Callback for the PostSet Event
    Enabling and Disabling the Listeners
    Context Menu Callback
    Building on Other Classes
    Hierarchies of Classes — Concepts
    Classification
    Developing the Abstraction
    Designing Class Hierarchies
    Super and Subclass Behavior
    A Subclass Object Is A Superclass Object
    Treat Subclass Objects Like Superclass Objects
    Limitations to Object Substitution
    Implementation and Interface Inheritance
    Creating Subclasses — Syntax and Techniques
    Defining a Subclass
    Class Attributes
    Referencing Superclasses from Subclasses
    Referencing Superclasses Contained in Packages
    Initializing Objects When Using Multiple Superclasses
    Constructor Arguments and Object Initialization
    Call Only Direct Superclass from Constructor
    Sequence of Constructor Calls in a Class Hierarchy
    Using a Subclass to Create an Alias for an Existing Class
    Old Class Constructor Requires Arguments
    Modifying Superclass Methods and Properties
    Modifying Superclass Methods
    Extending Superclass Methods
    Completing Superclass Methods
    Redefining Superclass Methods
    Modifying Superclass Properties
    Private Local Property Takes Precedence in Method
    Subclassing Multiple Classes
    Class Member Compatibility
    Property Conflicts
    Method Conflicts
    Event Conflicts
    Using Multiple Inheritance
    Subclassing MATLAB Built-In Classes
    MATLAB Built-In Classes
    Why Subclass Built-In Classes
    Which Functions Work With Subclasses of Built-Ins
    Built-In Classes You Cannot Subclass
    Examples of Subclasses of Built-In Classes
    Behavior of Built-In Functions with Subclass Objects
    Behavior Categories
    Subclasses That Define Properties
    More information on Built-In Methods
    Extending the Operations of a Built-In Class
    Built-In Methods That Operate on Data Values
    Built-In Methods That Operate on Data Organization
    Indexing Methods
    Concatenation Functions
    Example — A Class to Manage uint8 Data
    Using the DocUint8 Class
    Indexing Operations
    Concatenation Operations
    Data Operations
    Example — Adding Properties to a Built-In Subclass
    Methods Implemented
    Property Added
    Subclass with Properties
    Indexed Reference of a DocExtendDouble Object
    Concatenating DocExtendDouble Objects
    Understanding size and numel
    Subclass Inherited Behavior
    Classes Not Derived from Built-In Classes
    Overloading size
    Avoid Overloading numel
    Example — A Class to Represent Hardware
    Why Derive from int32
    Class Definition
    Using the Class with Methods of int32
    Abstract Classes and Interfaces
    Abstract Classes
    Defining Abstract Classes
    Abstract Properties
    Abstract Methods
    Interfaces and Abstract Classes
    Example — Interface for Classes Implementing Graphs
    Interface Properties and Methods
    Interface Guides Class Design
    Defining the Interface
    Method to Work with All Subclasses
    Deriving a Concrete Class — linegraph
    Adding Properties
    The linegraph Constructor
    Implementing the draw Method
    Implementing the zoom Method
    Defining the Property Set Methods
    Using the linegraph Class
    Saving and Loading Objects
    The Save and Load Process
    The Default Save and Load Process
    What Information Is Saved
    Loading Property Data
    Errors During Load
    Saving and Loading Deleted Handle Objects
    saveobj and loadobj
    When to Modify Object Saving and Loading
    Why Implement saveobj and loadobj
    Information to Consider
    Modifying the Save and Load Process
    Class saveobj and loadobj Methods
    Implement loadobj as a Static Method
    Processing Objects During Load
    Updating an Object Property When Loading
    Save and Load Applications
    Example — Maintaining Class Compatibility
    Versions of a Phone Book Application Program
    Version 1 — Stores Data in struct
    Version 2 — Maps struct Fields to Object Properties
    Version 3 — Adds More Properties to Class
    Passing Arguments to Constructors During Load
    Calling Constructors When Loading Objects
    Code for This Example
    Example Overview
    Saving Only Object Data with saveobj
    Reconstructing Objects with loadobj
    Saving and Loading Objects from Class Hierarchies
    Saving and Loading Subclass Objects
    Reconstructing the Subclass Object from a Saved Struct
    Saving and Loading Dynamic Properties
    Reconstructing Objects That Have Dynamic Properties
    Why You Need saveobj and loadobj Methods
    Implementing the saveobj and loadobj Methods
    Tips for Saving and Loading
    Using Default Property Values to Reduce Storage
    Reducing Object Storage
    Implementing Forward and Backward Compatibility
    Avoiding Property Initialization Order Dependency
    Controlling Property Loading
    When to Use Transient Properties
    Calling Constructor When Loading
    Referring to Constant Values
    Defining Named Constants
    A Class to Define Named Constants
    Assigning Values to Constant Properties
    Referencing Constant Properties
    A Package for Constants
    Setting Constant Property Default
    Obtaining Information About Classes from Meta-Classes
    Working with Meta-Classes
    What Are Meta-Classes?
    The meta Package
    Creating Meta-Class Objects
    Using Meta-Class Objects
    Using Meta-Classes to Inspect Classes and Objects
    Inspecting a Class
    Inspecting the Class Definition
    Inspecting Properties
    Inspecting an Instance of a Class
    Finding Objects Having Specific Settings
    Finding Handle Objects
    Finding Property/Value Pairs
    Finding Objects with Specific Property Names
    Using Logical Expressions
    Perusing Meta-Classes with findobj
    Getting Information About Properties
    Information Contained in the meta.property object
    Indexing Meta-Class Objects
    Example — Finding Properties with Specific Attributes
    Finding Property Attributes
    Getting Property Default Values
    Property Default Values
    Querying a Default Value
    Default Values Defined as Expressions
    Property With No Explicit Default Value
    Abstract Property
    Property With Expression That Errors
    Property With Explicitly Defined Default Value
    Specializing Object Behavior
    Methods That Modify Default Behavior
    How to Modify Behavior
    Which Methods Control Which Behaviors
    When to Overload MATLAB Functions
    Example of Modified Behavior
    Caution When Overloading MATLAB Functions
    Interactions with numel and Overloaded subsref and subsasgn
    Ensuring MATLAB Calls Your Overloaded Method
    Redefining Concatenation for Your Class
    Default Concatenation
    Example of horzcat and vertcat
    Displaying Objects in the Command Window
    Default Display
    Examples of disp Methods
    Relationship Between disp and display
    Override disp Or disp and display
    Converting Objects to Another Class
    Why Implement a Converter
    Converters and Subscripted Assignment
    Examples of Converter Methods
    Indexed Reference and Assignment
    Overview
    Default Indexed Reference and Assignment
    What You Can Modify
    When to Modify Indexing Behavior
    subsref and subsasgn Within Class Methods — Built-In Called
    Understanding Indexed Reference
    Complex Indexed References
    Writing subsref
    Examples of subsref
    Avoid Overriding Access Attributes
    Understanding Indexed Assignment
    Indexed Assignment to Objects
    Complex Indexed Assignments
    A Class with Modified Indexing
    Class Description
    Specialized Subscripted Reference — subsref
    Specialized Subscripted Assignment — subsasgn
    Implementing Addition for Object Data — plus
    Defining end Indexing for an Object
    The end Method for the MyDataClass Example
    Using Objects as Indices
    Scenarios for Implementing Objects as Indices
    Implementing subsindex
    Implementing Operators for Your Class
    Overloading Operators
    Object Precedence
    Examples of Overloaded Operators
    MATLAB Operators and Associated Functions
    Implementing a Class for Polynomials
    Example — A Polynomial Class
    Adding a Polynomial Object to the MATLAB Language
    Displaying the Class Files
    Summary of the DocPolynom Class
    Using the DocPolynom Class
    The DocPolynom Constructor Method
    Constructor Calling Syntax
    Removing Irrelevant Coefficients
    Converting DocPolynom Objects to Other Types
    The DocPolynom to Double Converter
    The DocPolynom to Character Converter
    Evaluating the Output
    The DocPolynom disp Method
    When MATLAB Calls the disp Method
    The DocPolynom subsref Method
    Special Behavior Requires Specializing subsref
    subsref Implementation Details
    Defining Arithmetic Operators for DocPolynom
    Defining the + Operator
    Defining the - Operator
    Defining the * Operator
    Using the Arithmetic Operators
    Overloading MATLAB Functions for the DocPolynom Class
    Defining the roots Function for the DocPolynom Class
    Defining the polyval Function for the DocPolynom Class
    Defining the diff Function for the DocPolynom Class
    Defining the plot Function for the DocPolynom Class
    Designing Related Classes
    Example — A Simple Class Hierarchy
    Shared and Specialized Properties
    Designing a Class for Financial Assets
    Displaying the Class Files
    Summary of the DocAsset Class
    The DocAsset Constructor Method
    Property Definition Block
    Constructor Method Code
    Set Function for Type Property
    The DocAsset Display Method
    Designing a Class for Stock Assets
    Displaying the Class Files
    Summary of the DocStock Class
    Specifying the Base Class
    Property Definition Block
    Using the DocStock Class
    The DocStock Constructor Method
    The DocStock disp Method
    Designing a Class for Bond Assets
    Displaying the Class Files
    Summary of the DocBond Class
    Specifying the Base Class
    Property Definition Block
    Using the DocBond Class
    The DocBond Constructor Method
    The calc_value Method
    The DocBond disp Method
    Designing a Class for Savings Assets
    Displaying the Class Files
    Summary of the DocSavings Class
    Specifying the Base Class
    Property Definition Block
    Using the DocSavings Class
    The DocSavings Constructor Method
    The DocSavings disp Method
    Example — Containing Assets in a Portfolio
    Kinds of Containment
    Designing the DocPortfolio Class
    Displaying the Class Files
    Summary of the DocPortfolio Class
    Property Definition Block
    How Class Properties Are Used
    Using the DocPortfolio Class
    The DocPortfolio Constructor Method
    The DocPortfolio disp Method
    The DocPortfolio pie3 Method
    Visualizing a Portfolio
    Index
    tables
    DocPolynom Class Properties
    DocPolynom Class Methods
    DocAsset Class Properties
    DocAsset Class Methods
    DocStock Class Properties
    DocStock Class Methods
    DocBond Class Properties
    DocBond Class Methods
    DocSavings Class Properties
    DocSavings Class Methods
    DocPortfolio Class Properties
    DocBond Class Methods
    MATLAB® 7 Object-Oriented Programming
    How to Contact The MathWorks Web Newsgroup www.mathworks.com comp.soft-sys.matlab www.mathworks.com/contact_TS.html Technical Support suggest@mathworks.com bugs@mathworks.com doc@mathworks.com service@mathworks.com info@mathworks.com 508-647-7000 (Phone) Product enhancement suggestions Bug reports Documentation error reports Order status, license renewals, passcodes Sales, pricing, and general information 508-647-7001 (Fax) The MathWorks, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 For contact information about worldwide offices, see the MathWorks Web site. Object-Oriented Programming © COPYRIGHT 1984–2010 by The MathWorks, Inc. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. No part of this manual may be photocopied or reproduced in any form without prior written consent from The MathWorks, Inc. FEDERAL ACQUISITION: This provision applies to all acquisitions of the Program and Documentation by, for, or through the federal government of the United States. By accepting delivery of the Program or Documentation, the government hereby agrees that this software or documentation qualifies as commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation as such terms are used or defined in FAR 12.212, DFARS Part 227.72, and DFARS 252.227-7014. Accordingly, the terms and conditions of this Agreement and only those rights specified in this Agreement, shall pertain to and govern the use, modification, reproduction, release, performance, display, and disclosure of the Program and Documentation by the federal government (or other entity acquiring for or through the federal government) and shall supersede any conflicting contractual terms or conditions. If this License fails to meet the government’s needs or is inconsistent in any respect with federal procurement law, the government agrees to return the Program and Documentation, unused, to The MathWorks, Inc. Trademarks MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. See www.mathworks.com/trademarks for a list of additional trademarks. Other product or brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Patents The MathWorks products are protected by one or more U.S. patents. Please see www.mathworks.com/patents for more information. Revision History Online only March 2008 Online only October 2008 Online only March 2009 September 2009 Online only March 2010 Online only New for MATLAB 7.6 (Release 2008a) Revised for MATLAB 7.7 (Release 2008b) Revised for MATLAB 7.8 (Release 2009a) Revised for MATLAB 7.9 (Release 2009b) Revised for MATLAB 7.10 (Release 2010a)
    1 2 Using Object-Oriented Design in MATLAB Where to Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Video Demo of MATLAB Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATLAB Programmer Without Object-Oriented Programming Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATLAB Programmer with Object-Oriented Programming Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Why Use Object-Oriented Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approaches to Writing MATLAB Programs When Should You Start Creating Object-Oriented 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-4 1-4 1-8 Class Diagrams Used in This Documentation . . . . . . . . . 1-17 MATLAB Classes Overview MATLAB Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classes in the MATLAB Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some Basic Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examples to Get Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Learning Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detailed Information and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rapid Access to Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2 2-4 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-8 Developing Classes — Typical Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formulating a Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementing the BankAccount Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementing the AccountManager Class 2-11 2-11 2-13 2-15 Contents iii
    Using the BankAccount Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15 Using Objects to Write Data to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flexible Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performing a Task with an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Objects in Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example — Representing Structured Data . . . . . . . . . . . Display Fully Commented Example Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objects As Data Structures Structure of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining the TensileData Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating an Instance and Assigning Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricting Properties to Specific Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simplifying the Interface with a Constructor . . . . . . . . . . . Dependent Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Displaying TensileData Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Method to Plot Stress vs. Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example — Implementing Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Displaying Fully Commented Example Code . . . . . . . . . . . Important Concepts Demonstrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dlnode Class Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating Doubly Linked Lists Why a Handle Class for Doubly Linked Lists? . . . . . . . . . . Defining the dlnode Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specializing the dlnode Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example — Class for Graphing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . Display Fully Commented Example Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class Definition Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the topo Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Behavior of the Handle Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-20 2-22 2-22 2-22 2-23 2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29 2-31 2-31 2-31 2-32 2-33 2-34 2-35 2-40 2-43 2-43 2-43 2-45 2-46 Class Definition—Syntax Reference Class Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options for Class Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3-2 3 iv Contents
    More Information on Class Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . More In Depth Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Classdef Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying Attributes and Superclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assigning Class Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying Superclasses Specifying Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What You Can Define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How to Initialize Property Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assigning Property Values from Within the Constructor . . Initializing Properties to Unique Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property Access Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Referencing Object Properties Using Variables Specifying Methods and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Methods Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Method Calling Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods In Separate Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Private Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . More Detailed Information On Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Class-Related Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Events and Listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Listening for Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attribute Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attribute Descriptions Specifying Attribute Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simpler Syntax for true/false Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calling Superclass Methods on Subclass Objects . . . . . Calling a Superclass Constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-10 3-11 3-11 3-13 3-13 3-14 3-14 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-18 3-18 3-18 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-23 3-23 v
    Calling Superclass Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24 A Class Code Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example of Class Definition Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understanding Code Analyzer Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syntax Warnings and Property Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warnings Caused by Variable/Property Name Conflicts . . Exception to Variable/Property Name Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions Used with Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions to Query Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions to Test Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Editor and Debugger with Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Referring to Class Files Modifying and Reloading Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ensuring MATLAB Uses Your Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compatibility with Previous Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Class-Definition Syntax Introduced with MATLAB Software Version 7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes to Class Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Features Introduced with Version 7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examples of Old and New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATLAB and Other OO Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some Differences from C++ and Sun Java Code . . . . . . . . . Common Object-Oriented Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26 3-26 3-28 3-28 3-28 3-29 3-31 3-31 3-31 3-32 3-32 3-33 3-33 3-36 3-36 3-37 3-38 3-38 3-40 3-40 3-45 Defining and Organizing Classes Class Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATLAB User-Defined Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2 4 vi Contents
    Defining Classes — Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . classdef Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table of Class Attributes Specifying Attributes Using Expressions in Class Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where Can You Use Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How MATLAB Evaluates Expressions Organizing Classes in Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options for Class Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @-Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Path Folders . . . . . . . . . Access to Functions Defined in Private Folders Class Precedence and MATLAB Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying Class Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InferiorClasses Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scoping Classes with Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Package Folders Referencing Package Members Within Packages . . . . . . . . Referencing Package Members from Outside the Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packages and the MATLAB Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importing Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syntax for Importing Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-9 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-16 4-16 4-18 4-18 4-19 4-19 4-21 4-23 4-23 4-23 Value or Handle Class — Which to Use 5 Comparing Handle and Value Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Why Select Handle or Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-2 vii
    Behavior of MATLAB Built-In Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Behavior of User-Defined Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which Kind of Class to Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examples of Value and Handle Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When to Use Handle Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When to Use Value Classes The Handle Superclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building on the Handle Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handle Class Methods Relational Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing Handle Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handle Class Delete Methods Finding Handle Objects and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding Handle Objects Finding Handle Object Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementing a Set/Get Interface for Properties . . . . . The Standard Set/Get Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property Get Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property Set Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subclassing hgsetget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controlling the Number of Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limiting Instances 5-2 5-4 5-9 5-9 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-11 5-12 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-20 5-20 5-20 5-21 5-21 5-24 5-24 Properties — Storing Class Data 6 How to Use Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Are Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property Definition Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accessing Property Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-5 6-5 6-6 viii Contents
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