第1页 / 共413页
第2页 / 共413页
第3页 / 共413页
第4页 / 共413页
第5页 / 共413页
第6页 / 共413页
第7页 / 共413页
第8页 / 共413页
Principles of Planar Near-Field Antenna Measurements.pdf
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 The phenomena of antenna coupling
1.2 Characterisation via the measurement process
1.2.1 Free space radiation pattern
1.2.2 Polarisation
1.2.3 Bandwidth
1.3 The organisation of the book
1.4 References
2 Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic wave propagation
2.1 Electric charge
2.2 The EM field
2.3 Accelerated charges
2.4 Maxwell's equations
2.5 The electric and magnetic potentials
2.5.1 Static potentials
2.5.2 Retarded potentials
2.6 The inapplicability of source excitation as a measurement methodology
2.7 Field equivalence principle
2.8 Characterising vector EM fields
2.9 Summary
2.10 References
3 Introduction to near-field antenna measurements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Antenna measurements
3.3 Forms of near-field antenna measurements
3.4 Plane rectilinear near-field antenna measurements
3.5 Chambers, screening and absorber
3.6 RF subsystem
3.7 Robotics positioner subsystem
3.8 Near-field probe
3.9 Generic antenna measurement process
3.10 Summary
3.11 References
4 Plane wave spectrum representation of electromagnetic waves
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of the derivation of the PWS
4.3 Solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation in Cartesian coordinates
4.3.1 Introduction to integral transforms
4.3.2 Fourier transform solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation
4.4 On the choice of boundary conditions
4.5 Operator substitution (derivative of a Fourier transform)
4.6 Solution of the vector Helmholtz equation in Cartesian coordinates
4.7 Solution of the vector magnetic wave equation in Cartesian coordinates
4.8 The relationship between electric and magnetic spectral components
4.9 The free-space propagation vector k
4.10 Plane wave impedance
4.11 Interpretation as an angular spectrum of plane waves
4.12 Far-field antenna radiation patterns: approximated by the angular spectrum
4.13 Stationary phase evaluation of a double integral
4.14 Coordinate free form of the near-field to angular spectrum transform
4.15 Reduction of the coordinate free form of the near-field to far-field transform to Huygens' principle
4.16 Far-fields from non-planar apertures
4.17 Microwave holographic metrology (plane-to-plane transform)
4.18 Far-field to near-field transform
4.19 Radiated power and the angular spectrum
4.20 Summary of conventional near-field to far-field transform
4.21 References
5 Measurements - practicalities of planar near-field antenna measurements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sampling (interpolation theory)
5.3 Truncation, spectral leakage and finite area scan errors
5.4 Antenna-to-antenna coupling (transmission) formula
5.4.1 Attenuation of evanescent plane wave mode coefficients
5.4.2 Simple scattering model of a near-field probe during a planar measurement
5.5 Evaluation of the conventional near-field to far-field transform
5.5.1 Standard techniques for the evaluation of a double Fourier integral
5.6 General antenna coupling formula: arbitrarily orientated antennas
5.7 Plane-polar and plane-bipolar near-field to far-field transform
5.7.1 Boundary values known in plane-polar coordinates
5.7.2 Boundary values known in plane-bipolar coordinates
5.8 Regular azimuth over elevation and elevation over azimuth coordinate systems
5.9 Polarisation basis and antenna measurements
5.9.1 Cartesian polarisation basis - Ludwig I
5.9.2 Polar spherical polarisation basis
5.9.3 Azimuth over elevation basis - Ludwig II
5.9.4 Copolar and cross-polar polarisation basis - Ludwig IIII
5.9.5 Circular polarisation basis - RHCP and LHCP
5.10 Overview of antenna alignment corrections
5.10.1 Scalar rotation of far-field antenna patterns
5.10.2 Vector rotation of far-field antenna patterns
5.10.4 Rotation of copolar polarisation basis - generalized Ludwig III
5.10.5 Generalized compound vector rotation of far-field antenna patterns
5.11 Brief description of near-field coordinate systems
5.11.1 Range fixed system
5.11.2 Antenna mechanical system
5.11.3 Antenna electrical system
5.11.4 Far-field azimuth and elevation coordinates
5.11.5 Ludwig III copolar and cross-polar definition
5.11.6 Probe alignment definition (SPP)
5.11.7 General vector rotation of antenna radiation patterns
5.12 Directivity and gain
5.12.1 Directivity
5.12.2 Gain - by substitution method
5.12.3 Gain-transfer (gain-comparison) method
5.13 Calculating the peak of a pattern
5.13.1 Peak by polynomial fit
5.13.2 Peak by centroid
5.14 Summary
5.15 References
6 Probe pattern characterisation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Effect of the probe pattern on far-field data
6.3 Desirable characteristics of a near-field probe
6.4 Acquisition of quasi far-field probe pattern
6.4.1 Sampling scheme
6.4.2 Electronic system drift (tie-scan correction)
6.4.3 Channel-balance correction
6.4.4 Assessment of chamber multiple reflections
6.4.5 Correction for rotary errors
6.4.6 Re-tabulation of probe vector pattern function
6.4.7 Alternate interpolation formula
6.4.8 True far-field probe pattern
6.5 Finite element model of open-ended rectangular waveguide probe
6.6 Probe displacement correction
6.7 Channel-balance correction
6.8 References
7 Computational electromagnetic model of a planar near-field measurement process
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Method of sub-apertures
7.3 Aperture set in an infinite perfectly conducting ground plane
7.3.1 Plane wave spectrum antenna-antenna coupling formula
7.4 Vector Huygens- method
7.5 Kirchhoff-Huygens' method
7.6 Generalized technique for the simulation of near-field antenna measurements
7.6.1 Mutual coupling and the reaction theorem
7.7 Near-field measurement simulation
7.8 Reaction theorem
7.8.1 Lorentz reciprocity theorem (field reciprocity theorem)
7.8.2 Generalized reaction theorem
7.8.3 Mutual impedance and the reaction theorem
7.9 Summary
7.10 References
8 Antenna measurement analysis and assessment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The establishment of the measure from the measurement results
8.2.1 Measurement errors
8.2.2 The sources of measurement ambiguity and error
8.2.3 The examination of measurement result data to establish the measure
8.3 Measurement error budgets
8.3.1 Applicability of modelling error sources
8.3.2 The empirical approach to error budgets
8.4 Quantitative measures of correspondence between data sets
8.4.1 The requirement for measures of correspondence
8.5 Comparison techniques
8.5.1 Examples of conventional data set comparison techniques
8.5.2 Novel data comparison techniques
8.6 Summary
8.7 References
9 Advanced planar near-field antenna measurements
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Active alignment correction
9.2.1 Acquisition of alignment data in a planar near-field facility
9.2.2 Acquisition of mechanical alignment data in a planar near-field facility
9.2.3 Example of the application of active alignment correction
9.3 Amplitude only planar near-field measurements
9.3.1 PTP phase retrieval algorithm
9.3.2 PTP phase retrieval algorithm - with aperture constraint
9.4 Efficient position correction algorithms, in-plane and z-plane corrections
9.4.1 Taylor series expansion
9.4.2 K-correction method
9.5 Partial scan techniques
9.5.1 Auxiliary translation
9.5.2 Rotations of the AUT about the z-axis
9.5.3 Auxiliary rotation - bi-planar near-field antenna measurements
9.5.4 Near-field to far-field transformation of probe corrected data
9.5.5 Applicability of the poly-planar technique
9.5.6 Complete poly-planar rotational technique
9.6 Concluding remarks
9.7 References
Appendix A: Other theories of interaction
A.1 Examples of postulated mechanisms of interaction
Appendix B: Measurement definitions as used in the text
Appendix C: An overview of coordinate systems
C.1 Antenna mechanical system (AMS)
C.2 Antenna electrical system (AES)
C.3 Far-field plotting systems
C.4 Direction cosine
C.5 Azimuth over elevation
C.6 Elevation over azimuth
C.7 Polar spherical
C.8 Azimuth and elevation (true-view)
C.9 Range of spherical angles
C.10 Transformation between coordinate systems
C.11 Coordinate systems and elemental solid angles
C.12 Relationship between coordinate systems
C.13 Azimuth, elevation and Roll angles
C.14 Euler angles
C.15 Quaternion
C.16 Elemental solid angle for a true-view coordinate system
Appendix D: Trapezoidal discrete Fourier transform
Appendix E: Calculating the semi-major axis, semi-minor axis and tilt angle of a rotated ellipse
Index
IET ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SERIES 53
Principles of Planar
Near-Field Antenna
Measurements
Other volumes in this series:
Volume 1
Geometrical theory of diffraction for electromagnetic waves, 3rd
edition G.L. James
Aperture antennas and diffraction theory E.V. Jull
Adaptive array principles J.E. Hudson
Volume 10
Volume 11
Volume 12 Microstrip antenna theory and design J.R. James, P.S. Hall and C. Wood
Volume 15
Volume 16
The handbook of antenna design, volume 1 A.W. Rudge, K. Milne,
A.D. Oliver and P. Knight (Editors)
The handbook of antenna design, volume 2 A.W. Rudge, K. Milne,
A.D. Oliver and P. Knight (Editors)
Corrugated horns for microwave antennas P.J.B. Clarricoats and A.D. Oliver
Volume 18
Volume 19 Microwave antenna theory and design S. Silver (Editor)
Volume 21 Waveguide handbook N. Marcuvitz
Volume 23
Volume 24
Volume 25
Ferrites at microwave frequencies A.J. Baden Fuller
Propagation of short radio waves D.E. Kerr (Editor)
Principles of microwave circuits C.G. Montgomery, R.H. Dicke and
E.M. Purcell (Editors)
Spherical near-field antenna measurements J.E. Hansen (Editor)
Handbook of microstrip antennas, 2 volumes J.R. James and P.S. Hall
(Editors)
Ionospheric radio K. Davies
Electromagnetic waveguides: theory and applications S.F. Mahmoud
Radio direction finding and superresolution, 2nd edition P.J.D. Gething
Electrodynamic theory of superconductors S.A. Zhou
VHF and UHF antennas R.A. Burberry
Propagation, scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic waves
A.S. llyinski, G. Ya.Slepyan and A. Ya.Slepyan
Geometrical theory of diffraction V.A. Borovikov and B.Ye. Kinber
Analysis of metallic antenna and scatterers B.D. Popovic and
B.M. Kolundzija
Volume 39 Microwave horns and feeds A.D. Olver, P.J.B. Clarricoats, A.A. Kishk and
Volume 26
Volume 28
Volume 31
Volume 32
Volume 33
Volume 34
Volume 35
Volume 36
Volume 37
Volume 38
Volume 41
Volume 42
Volume 43
Volume 44
Volume 45
Volume 46
Volume 47
Volume 48
Volume 49
Volume 50
Volume 51
Volume 52
L. Shafai
Approximate boundary conditions in electromagnetics T.B.A. Senior and
J.L. Volakis
Spectral theory and excitation of open structures V.P. Shestopalov and
Y. Shestopalov
Open electromagnetic waveguides T. Rozzi and M. Mongiardo
Theory of nonuniform waveguides: the cross-section method
B.Z. Katsenelenbaum, L Mercader Del Rio, M. Pereyaslavets, M. Sorella Ayza
and M.K.A. Thumm
Parabolic equation methods for electromagnetic wave propagation
M. Levy
Advanced electromagnetic analysis of passive and active planar
structures T. Rozzi and M. Farinai
Electromagnetic mixing formulae and applications A. Sihvola
Theory and design of microwave filters L.C. Hunter
Handbook of ridge waveguides and passive components J. Helszajn
Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications
R. Vaughan and J. Bach-Anderson
Asymptotic and hybrid methods in electromagnetics F. Molinet,
I. Andronov and D. Bouche
Thermal microwave radiation: applications for remote sensing
C. Matzler (Editor)
Volume 502 Propagation of radiowaves, 2nd edition L.W. Barclay (Editor)
Principles of Planar
Near-Field Antenna
Measurements
Stuart Gregson, John McCormick and Clive Parini
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom
© 2007 The Institution of Engineering and Technology
First published 2007
This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright
Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research
or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in
the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued
by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those
terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Michael Faraday House
Six Hills Way, Stevenage
Herts, SG1 2AY, United Kingdom
www.theiet.org
While the authors and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given
in this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when
making use of them. Neither the authors nor the publishers assume any liability to
anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether
such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such
liability is disclaimed.
The moral rights of the authors to be identified as authors of this work have been
asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Gregson, Stuart
Principles of planar near-field antenna measurements. -
(Electromagnetic waves series ; v. 53)
1. Antennas (Electronics)
I. Title II. McCormick, John III. Parini, Clive
IV. Institution of Engineering and Technology
621.3’824
ISBN 978-0-86341-736-8
Typeset in India by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai
Printed in the UK by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
Contents
Preface
1
Introduction
1.1
1.2
The phenomena of antenna coupling
Characterisation via the measurement process
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
The organisation of the book
References
Free space radiation pattern
Polarisation
Bandwidth
1.3
1.4
2.6
2 Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic wave propagation
Electric charge
2.1
The EM field
2.2
2.3
Accelerated charges
2.4 Maxwell’s equations
2.5
Static potentials
Retarded potentials
The electric and magnetic potentials
2.5.1
2.5.2
The inapplicability of source excitation as a measurement
methodology
Field equivalence principle
Characterising vector EM fields
Summary
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10 References
3
Introduction to near-field antenna measurements
3.1
3.2
Introduction
Antenna measurements
xi
1
1
4
6
7
8
11
12
13
13
14
16
18
24
24
24
28
28
30
33
33
35
35
35
vi
Principles of planar near-field antenna measurements
Forms of near-field antenna measurements
Plane rectilinear near-field antenna measurements
Chambers, screening and absorber
RF subsystem
Robotics positioner subsystem
Near-field probe
Generic antenna measurement process
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10 Summary
3.11 References
4
Plane wave spectrum representation of electromagnetic
waves
4.1
4.2
4.3
Introduction
Overview of the derivation of the PWS
Solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation
in Cartesian coordinates
4.3.1
4.3.2
Introduction to integral transforms
Fourier transform solution of the scalar Helmholtz
equation
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
On the choice of boundary conditions
Operator substitution (derivative of a Fourier transform)
Solution of the vector Helmholtz equation in Cartesian
coordinates
Solution of the vector magnetic wave equation in Cartesian
coordinates
The relationship between electric and magnetic spectral
components
The free-space propagation vector k
4.9
4.10 Plane wave impedance
4.11
4.12 Far-field antenna radiation patterns: approximated by the angular
Interpretation as an angular spectrum of plane waves
spectrum
4.13 Stationary phase evaluation of a double integral
4.14 Coordinate free form of the near-field to angular spectrum
transform
4.15 Reduction of the coordinate free form of the near-field to far-field
transform to Huygens’ principle
4.16 Far-fields from non-planar apertures
4.17 Microwave holographic metrology (plane-to-plane transform)
4.18 Far-field to near-field transform
4.19 Radiated power and the angular spectrum
4.20 Summary of conventional near-field to far-field
transform
4.21 References
40
43
44
47
52
56
58
60
60
63
63
64
65
65
65
78
79
81
83
84
87
88
90
92
95
101
104
106
107
108
112
115
117
5 Measurements – practicalities of planar near-field antenna
List of contents
vii
measurements
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Introduction
Sampling (interpolation theory)
Truncation, spectral leakage and finite area scan errors
Antenna-to-antenna coupling (transmission) formula
Attenuation of evanescent plane wave mode
5.4.1
coefficients
Simple scattering model of a near-field probe during a
planar measurement
5.4.2
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Evaluation of the conventional near-field to far-field
transform
5.5.1
Standard techniques for the evaluation of a double
Fourier integral
General antenna coupling formula: arbitrarily orientated
antennas
Plane-polar and plane-bipolar near-field to far-field
transform
5.7.1
5.7.2
Boundary values known in plane-polar coordinates
Boundary values known in plane-bipolar
coordinates
Regular azimuth over elevation and elevation over azimuth
coordinate systems
Polarisation basis and antenna measurements
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4
Cartesian polarisation basis – Ludwig I
Polar spherical polarisation basis
Azimuth over elevation basis – Ludwig II
Copolar and cross-polar polarisation
basis – Ludwig III
Circular polarisation basis – RHCP and LHCP
5.9.5
5.10 Overview of antenna alignment corrections
5.10.1
Scalar rotation of far-field antenna patterns
5.10.2 Vector rotation of far-field antenna patterns
5.10.4
Rotation of copolar polarisation basis – generalized
Ludwig III
5.10.5 Generalized compound vector rotation of far-field
antenna patterns
5.11 Brief description of near-field coordinate systems
Range fixed system
5.11.1
5.11.2 Antenna mechanical system
5.11.3 Antenna electrical system
5.11.4
5.11.5
5.11.6
5.11.7 General vector rotation of antenna radiation patterns
Far-field azimuth and elevation coordinates
Ludwig III copolar and cross-polar definition
Probe alignment definition (SPP)
119
119
120
121
125
136
137
138
139
143
148
150
151
156
159
159
160
161
163
165
169
169
171
173
174
175
176
177
178
178
178
178
179
相关推荐
2023年江西萍乡中考道德与法治真题及答案.doc
2012年重庆南川中考生物真题及答案.doc
2013年江西师范大学地理学综合及文艺理论基础考研真题.doc
2020年四川甘孜小升初语文真题及答案I卷.doc
2020年注册岩土工程师专业基础考试真题及答案.doc
2023-2024学年福建省厦门市九年级上学期数学月考试题及答案.doc
2021-2022学年辽宁省沈阳市大东区九年级上学期语文期末试题及答案.doc
2022-2023学年北京东城区初三第一学期物理期末试卷及答案.doc
2018上半年江西教师资格初中地理学科知识与教学能力真题及答案.doc
2012年河北国家公务员申论考试真题及答案-省级.doc
2020-2021学年江苏省扬州市江都区邵樊片九年级上学期数学第一次质量检测试题及答案.doc
2022下半年黑龙江教师资格证中学综合素质真题及答案.doc
