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清华大学-2019人工智能发展报告.pdf

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    2019 人工智能发展报告 2019 Report of Artificial Intelligence Development 清华大学-中国工程院知识智能联合研究中心 中国人工智能学会吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖评选基地 2019 年 11 月
    编写委员会（按姓氏拼音排序） 主 编：李涓子 唐 杰 编 委：曹 楠 程 健 贾 珈 李国良 刘华平 宋德雄 喻 纯 余有成 朱 军 责任编辑：景 晨 刘 佳 编 辑：毕小俊 程时伟 韩 腾 侯 磊 刘德兵 刘 越 骆昱宇 麻晓娟 仇 瑜 王若琳 徐 菁 技术支持：北京智谱华章科技有限公司
    1 编制概要 ······················································································· 1 1.1 编制背景 ········································································ 1 1.2 编制目标与方法 ······························································· 3 2 机器学习 ······················································································· 4 2.1 机器学习概念 ·································································· 4 2.2 机器学习发展历史 ···························································· 6 2.3 机器学习经典算法 ···························································· 7 2.4 深度学习 ······································································· 21 2.4.1 卷积神经网络 ························································· 24 2.4.2 AutoEncoder ···························································· 26 2.4.3 循环神经网络 RNN ·················································· 28 2.4.4 网络表示学习与图神经网络（GNN） ·························· 30 2.4.5 增强学习 ······························································· 32 2.4.6 生成对抗网络 ························································· 34 2.4.7 老虎机 ·································································· 35 2.5 人才概况 ······································································· 37 2.6 代表性学者简介 ······························································ 39 2.6.1 国际顶级学者 ························································· 40 2.6.2 国内知名学者 ························································· 50 2.7 论文解读 ······································································· 60 2.7.1 ICML 历年最佳论文解读 ··········································· 63 2.7.2 NeurlPS 历年最佳论文解读········································· 71 3 计算机视觉 ··················································································· 85 3.1 计算机视觉概念 ······························································ 85 3.2 计算机视觉发展历史 ························································ 87 3.3 人才概况 ······································································· 89 3.4 论文解读 ······································································· 91 3.5 计算机视觉进展 ···························································· 105 4 知识工程 ···················································································· 107 4.1 知识工程概念 ······························································· 107 4.2 知识工程发展历史 ························································· 108 4.3 人才概况 ····································································· 111 4.4 论文解读 ····································································· 113 4.5 知识工程最新进展 ························································· 129 5 自然语言处理 ·············································································· 131 5.1 自然语言处理概念 ························································· 131 5.2 自然语言的理解发展历史 ················································ 132 5.3 人才概况 ····································································· 133 5.4 论文解读 ····································································· 136 5.5 自然语言处理最新进展 ··················································· 153 6 语音识别 ···················································································· 155 6.1 语音识别概念 ······························································· 155 6.2 语音识别发展历史 ························································· 156 6.3 人才概况 ····································································· 158 1
    6.4 论文解读 ····································································· 160 6.5 语音识别进展 ······························································· 173 7 计算机图形学 ·············································································· 175 7.1 计算机图形学概念 ························································· 175 7.2 计算机图形学发展历史 ··················································· 175 7.3 人才概况 ····································································· 178 7.4 论文解读 ····································································· 181 7.5 计算机图形学进展 ························································· 194 8 多媒体技术 ················································································· 197 8.1 多媒体概念 ·································································· 197 8.2 多媒体技术发展历史 ······················································ 198 8.3 人才概况 ····································································· 200 8.4 论文解读 ····································································· 203 8.5 多媒体技术进展 ···························································· 215 9 人机交互技术 ·············································································· 217 9.1 人机交互概念 ······························································· 217 9.2 人机交互发展历史 ························································· 218 9.2.1 简单人机交互 ······················································· 218 9.2.2 自然人机交互 ······················································· 219 9.3 人才概况 ····································································· 222 9.4 论文解读 ····································································· 225 9.5 人机交互进展 ······························································· 239 10 机器人 ····················································································· 241 10.1 机器人概念 ································································· 241 10.2 机器人发展历史 ··························································· 242 10.3 人才概况 ···································································· 245 10.4 论文解读 ···································································· 247 10.5 机器人进展 ································································· 260 11 数据库技术 ··············································································· 263 11.1 数据库概念 ································································· 263 11.2 数据库技术历史 ··························································· 264 11.3 人才概况 ···································································· 266 11.4 论文解读 ···································································· 269 11.5 数据库技术重要进展 ····················································· 287 12 可视化技术 ··············································································· 289 12.1 可视化技术概念 ··························································· 289 12.2 可视化技术发展历史 ····················································· 290 12.3 人才概况 ···································································· 294 12.4 论文解读 ···································································· 296 12.5 可视化进展 ································································· 313 12.6 可视化应用 ································································· 315 12.6.1 社交媒体可视化 ·················································· 315 12.6.2 体育数据可视化 ·················································· 316 12.6.3 医疗数据可视化 ·················································· 318
    13 数据挖掘 ·················································································· 321 13.1 数据挖掘概念 ······························································ 321 13.2 数据挖掘的发展历史 ····················································· 323 13.3 人才概况 ···································································· 324 13.4 论文解读 ···································································· 326 13.5 数据挖掘进展 ······························································ 337 14 信息检索与推荐 ········································································· 339 14.1 信息检索与推荐概念 ····················································· 339 14.2 信息检索和推荐技术发展历史 ········································ 341 14.3 人才概况 ···································································· 345 14.4 论文解读 ···································································· 348 14.5 信息检索与推荐进展 ····················································· 362 15 结束语 ····················································································· 365 参考文献 ······················································································· 366 附录 ····························································································· 372 3
    编制概要 1 编制概要 1.1 编制背景 21 世纪前两个十年，在大规模 GPU 服务器并行计算、大数据、深度学习算 法和类脑芯片等技术的推动下，人类社会相继进入互联网时代、大数据时代和人 工智能时代。当前，随着移动互联网发展红利逐步消失，后移动时代已经来临。 当新一轮产业变革席卷全球，人工智能成为产业变革的核心方向：科技巨头纷纷 把人工智能作为后移动时代的战略支点，努力在云端建立人工智能服务的生态系 统；传统制造业在新旧动能转换，将人工智能作为发展新动力，不断创造出新的 发展机遇。 现今，人工智能的发展对国民经济具有重要意义，人工智能通过综合各生产 要素作用于国民经济活动，有利于提高生产力水平，助力实体经济发展，主要表 现在以下四个方面：一是人工智能可以依托大数据，对庞大的信息资源进行处理， 分析得到有效数据，避免了错误的经济决策，推进经济持续稳定的发展。二是人 工智能可以通过智能化的精准控制来达到减少资源浪费、提高生产水平和生产效 率的目的。三是人工智能可以赋能于商业生态，以电能为动力源的人工智能可以 做到减少碳排放，达到节能环保的效果。四是在人工智能的驱动下，产业经济与 信息经济相互整合，改变了传统的“需求-设计-制造-销售-服务”的生产模式。由 于互联网等信息技术的应用，使得不同产业间的关联关系不断改变，新的产业不 断涌现，跨界和融合发展成为产业生态的重要特征，提高了经济增长的质量，推 动了经济整体结构的调整。 人工智能处于第四次科技革命的核心地位，在该领域的竞争意味着一个国家 未来综合国力的较量。我国在人工智能领域的发展上有其独特优势，如稳定的发 展环境、充足的人才储备、丰富的应用场景等；同时，需要注意的是，我国人工 智能发展起步较晚，与以美国为主的发达国家相比还有一定差距。人工智能对于 任何国家来说既是机遇又是挑战，世界格局极有可能因此而重新洗牌，对于错过 前三次科技革命的我国来说，此次机遇尤为重要。近年来，我国政府高度重视人 工智能的发展，相继出台多项战略规划，鼓励指引人工智能的发展。2015 年， 1
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