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Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (7th Edition).pdf

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    Cover
    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    Contents
    ONLINE CHAPTERS AND APPENDICES¹
    Online Resources
    Preface
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    About the Author
    Chapter 0 Reader’s and Instructor’s Guide
    0.1 Outline of this Book
    0.2 Example Systems
    0.3 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors
    0.4 Internet and Web Resources
    PART 1 BACKGROUND
    Chapter 1 Computer System Overview
    1.1 Basic Elements
    1.2 Evolution of the Microprocessor
    1.3 Instruction Execution
    1.4 Interrupts
    1.5 The Memory Hierarchy
    1.6 Cache Memory
    1.7 Direct Memory Access
    1.8 Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization
    1.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    1.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    APPENDIX 1A PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICSOF TWO-LEVEL MEMORIES
    Chapter 2 Operating System Overview
    2.1 Operating System Objectives and Functions
    2.2 The Evolution of Operating Systems
    2.3 Major Achievements
    2.4 Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems
    2.5 Virtual Machines
    2.6 OS Design Considerations for Multiprocessor and Multicore
    2.7 Microsoft Windows Overview
    2.8 Traditional UNIX Systems
    2.9 Modern UNIX Systems
    2.10 Linux
    2.11 Linux VServer Virtual Machine Architecture
    2.12 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    2.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 2 PROCESSES
    Chapter 3 Process Description and Control
    3.1 What Is a Process?
    3.2 Process States
    3.3 Process Description
    3.4 Process Control
    3.5 Execution of the Operating System
    3.6 Security Issues
    3.7 UNIX SVR4 Process Management
    3.8 Summary
    3.9 Recommended Reading
    3.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    Chapter 4 Threads
    4.1 Processes and Threads
    4.2 Types of Threads
    4.3 Multicore and Multithreading
    4.4 Windows 7 Thread and SMP Management
    4.5 Solaris Thread and SMP Management
    4.6 Linux Process and Thread Management
    4.7 Mac OS X Grand Central Dispatch
    4.8 Summary
    4.9 Recommended Reading
    4.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    Chapter 5 Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization
    5.1 Principles of Concurrency
    5.2 Mutual Exclusion: Hardware Support
    5.3 Semaphores
    5.4 Monitors
    5.5 Message Passing
    5.6 Readers/Writers Problem
    5.7 Summary
    5.8 Recommended Reading
    5.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    Chapter 6 Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation
    6.1 Principles of Deadlock
    6.2 Deadlock Prevention
    6.3 Deadlock Avoidance
    6.4 Deadlock Detection
    6.5 An Integrated Deadlock Strategy
    6.6 Dining Philosophers Problem
    6.7 UNIX Concurrency Mechanisms
    6.8 Linux Kernel Concurrency Mechanisms
    6.9 Solaris Thread Synchronization Primitives
    6.10 Windows 7 Concurrency Mechanisms
    6.11 Summary
    6.12 Recommended Reading
    6.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 3 MEMORY
    Chapter 7 Memory Management
    7.1 Memory Management Requirements
    7.2 Memory Partitioning
    7.3 Paging
    7.4 Segmentation
    7.5 Security Issues
    7.6 Summary
    7.7 Recommended Reading
    7.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    APPENDIX 7A LOADING AND LINKING
    Chapter 8 Virtual Memory
    8.1 Hardware and Control Structures
    8.2 Operating System Software
    8.3 UNIX and Solaris Memory Management
    8.4 Linux Memory Management
    8.5 Windows Memory Management
    8.6 Summary
    8.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    8.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 4 SCHEDULING
    Chapter 9 Uniprocessor Scheduling
    9.1 Types of Processor Scheduling
    9.2 Scheduling Algorithms
    9.3 Traditional UNIX Scheduling
    9.4 Summary
    9.5 Recommended Reading
    9.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    Chapter 10 Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling
    10.1 Multiprocessor Scheduling
    10.2 Real-Time Scheduling
    10.3 Linux Scheduling
    10.4 UNIX SVR4 Scheduling
    10.5 UNIX FreeBSD Scheduling
    10.6 Windows Scheduling
    10.7 Linux Virtual Machine Process Scheduling
    10.8 Summary
    10.9 Recommended Reading
    10.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 5 INPUT/OUTPUT AND FILES
    Chapter 11 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling
    11.1 I/O Devices
    11.2 Organization of the I/O Function
    11.3 Operating System Design Issues
    11.4 I/O Buffering
    11.5 Disk Scheduling
    11.6 RAID
    11.7 Disk Cache
    11.8 UNIX SVR4 I/O
    11.9 Linux I/O
    11.10 Windows I/O
    11.11 Summary
    11.12 Recommended Reading
    11.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    Chapter 12 File Management
    12.1 Overview
    12.2 File Organization and Access
    12.3 B-Trees
    12.4 File Directories
    12.5 File Sharing
    12.6 Record Blocking
    12.7 Secondary Storage Management
    12.8 File System Security
    12.9 UNIX File Management
    12.10 Linux Virtual File System
    12.11 Windows File System
    12.12 Summary
    12.13 Recommended Reading
    12.14 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 6 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
    Chapter 13 Embedded Operating Systems
    13.1 Embedded Systems
    13.2 Characteristics of Embedded Operating Systems
    13.3 eCos
    13.4 TinyOS
    13.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    13.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 7 COMPUTER SECURITY
    Chapter 14 Computer Security Threats
    14.1 Computer Security Concepts
    14.2 Threats, Attacks, and Assets
    14.3 Intruders
    14.4 Malicious Software Overview
    14.5 Viruses, Worms, and Bots
    14.6 Rootkits
    14.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    14.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    Chapter 15 Computer Security Techniques
    15.1 Authentication
    15.2 Access Control
    15.3 Intrusion Detection
    15.4 Malware Defense
    15.5 Dealing with Buffer Overflow Attacks³
    15.6 Windows 7 Security
    15.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    15.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    PART 8 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
    Chapter 16 Distributed Processing, Client/Server, and Clusters
    16.1 Client/Server Computing
    16.2 Service-Oriented Architecture
    16.3 Distributed Message Passing
    16.4 Remote Procedure Calls
    16.5 Clusters
    16.6 Windows Cluster Server
    16.7 Beowulf and Linux Clusters
    16.8 Summary
    16.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
    16.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    APPENDICES
    Appendix A: Topics in Concurrency
    A.1 Mutual Exclusion: Software Approaches
    A.2 Race Conditions and Semaphores
    A.3 A Barbershop Problem
    A.4 Problems
    Appendix B: Programming and Operating System Projects
    B.1 OS/161
    B.2 Simulations
    B.3 Programming Projects
    B.4 Research Projects
    B.5 Reading/Report Assignments
    B.6 Writing Assignments
    B.7 Discussion Topics
    B.8 BACI
    Glossary
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    References
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
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    X
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    OPERATING SYSTEMS INTERNALS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES SEVENTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Prentice Hall
    Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Assistant Editor: Melinda Haggerty Editorial Assistant: Allison Michael Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Manager: Yezan Alayan SenioMarketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Production Manager: Pat Brown Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Media Director: Daniel Sandin Media Project Manager: Wanda Rockwell Full-Service Project Management/Composition: Shiny Rajesh/Integra Software Service Pvt. Ltd. Interior Printer/Bindery: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affi liated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-230998-1 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-13-230998-X (alk. paper) Stallings, William. Operating systems : internals and design principles / William Stallings. — 7th ed. 1. Operating systems (Computers) QA76.76.O63S733 2011 005.4'3 dc22 I. Title. 2010048597 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1—EB—15 14 13 12 11 ISBN 10: 0-13-230998-X ISBN 13: 978-0-13-230998-1
    To my brilliant and brave wife, Antigone Tricia, who has survived the worst horrors imaginable.
    CONTENTS Online Resources x Preface xi About the Author xix Chapter 0 Reader’s and Instructor’s 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Guide 1 Outline of this Book 2 Example Systems 2 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors 3 Internet and Web Resources 4 PART 1 BACKGROUND 7 Chapter 1 Computer System 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1A Overview 7 Basic Elements 8 Evolution of the Microprocessor 10 Instruction Execution 11 Interrupts 14 The Memory Hierarchy 24 Cache Memory 27 Direct Memory Access 31 Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization 33 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 36 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 37 Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memories 39 Chapter 2 Operating System Overview 46 Operating System Objectives and Functions 48 The Evolution of Operating Systems 52 Major Achievements 62 Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems 71 Virtual Machines 74 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 iv 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 OS Design Considerations for Multiprocessor and Multicore 77 Microsoft Windows Overview 80 Traditional UNIX Systems 90 Modern UNIX Systems 92 Linux 94 Linux VServer Virtual Machine Architecture 100 2.12 Recommended Reading and Web 2.13 Sites 101 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 103 PART 2 PROCESSES 106 Chapter 3 Process Description and 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Control 106 What Is a Process? 108 Process States 110 Process Description 126 Process Control 134 Execution of the Operating System 140 Security Issues 143 UNIX SVR4 Process Management 147 Summary 152 Recommended Reading 152 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 153 Chapter 4 Threads 157 Processes and Threads 158 Types of Threads 164 Multicore and Multithreading 171 Windows 7 Thread and SMP Management 176 Solaris Thread and SMP Management 182 Linux Process and Thread Management 186 Mac OS X Grand Central Dispatch 189 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
    4.8 4.9 4.10 Summary 192 Recommended Reading 192 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 193 5.1 5.2 Chapter 5 Concurrency: Mutual Exclu- sion and Synchronization 198 Principles of Concurrency 201 Mutual Exclusion: Hardware Support 209 Semaphores 213 Monitors 226 Message Passing 233 Readers/Writers Problem 239 Summary 243 Recommended Reading 244 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 245 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Chapter 6 Concurrency: Deadlock and 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Starvation 258 Principles of Deadlock 259 Deadlock Prevention 268 Deadlock Avoidance 270 Deadlock Detection 276 An Integrated Deadlock Strategy 278 Dining Philosophers Problem 279 UNIX Concurrency Mechanisms 281 Linux Kernel Concurrency Mechanisms 285 Solaris Thread Synchronization Primitives 292 6.10 Windows 7 Concurrency Mechanisms 294 Summary 298 6.11 6.12 Recommended Reading 298 6.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 299 PART 3 MEMORY 305 Chapter 7 Memory Management 305 7.1 Memory Management Requirements 307 Memory Partitioning 310 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 CONTENTS v Paging 321 Segmentation 325 Security Issues 326 Summary 330 Recommended Reading 330 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 331 Loading and Linking 334 7A 8.1 8.2 8.3 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory 340 Hardware and Control Structures 341 Operating System Software 360 UNIX and Solaris Memory Management 379 Linux Memory Management 384 Windows Memory Management 386 Summary 389 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 390 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 391 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.1 9.2 9.3 PART 4 SCHEDULING 395 Chapter 9 Uniprocessor Scheduling 395 Types of Processor Scheduling 396 Scheduling Algorithms 400 Traditional UNIX Scheduling 422 Summary 424 Recommended Reading 425 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 426 9.4 9.5 9.6 Chapter 10 Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling 430 Linux Scheduling 457 10.1 Multiprocessor Scheduling 431 10.2 Real-Time Scheduling 442 10.3 10.4 UNIX SVR4 Scheduling 461 10.5 UNIX FreeBSD Scheduling 463 10.6 Windows Scheduling 466 10.7 Linux Virtual Machine Process Scheduling 468 Summary 469 10.8
    vi CONTENTS 10.9 Recommended Reading 470 10.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 471 PART 5 INPUT/OUTPUT AND FILES 474 Chapter 11 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling 474 I/O Devices 475 11.1 11.2 Organization of the I/O Function 477 I/O Buffering 483 11.3 Operating System Design Issues 480 11.4 11.5 Disk Scheduling 487 11.6 RAID 494 11.7 Disk Cache 502 11.8 UNIX SVR4 I/O 506 11.9 11.10 Windows I/O 512 11.11 11.12 Recommended Reading 516 11.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Linux I/O 509 Summary 515 Problems 517 Operating Systems 576 eCos 579 TinyOS 594 13.3 13.4 13.5 Recommended Reading and 13.6 Web Sites 603 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 604 PART 7 COMPUTER SECURITY 607 Chapter 14 Computer Security 14.1 Threats 607 Computer Security Concepts 608 Threats, Attacks, and Assets 610 Intruders 616 14.2 14.3 14.4 Malicious Software Overview 619 Viruses, Worms, and Bots 623 14.5 14.6 Rootkits 633 14.7 Recommended Reading and 14.8 Web Sites 635 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 636 Chapter 15 Computer Security Techniques 639 Authentication 640 Access Control 646 Intrusion Detection 653 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Malware Defense 657 15.5 Dealing with Buffer Overfl ow Attacks 663 15.6 Windows 7 Security 667 15.7 Recommended Reading and 15.8 Web Sites 672 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 674 PART 8 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 677 Chapter 16 Distributed Processing, Client/ 16.1 16.2 Server, and Clusters 677 Client/Server Computing 678 Service-Oriented Architecture 689 16.3 Distributed Message Passing 691 16.4 Remote Procedure Calls 695 16.5 Clusters 699 Chapter 12 File Management 520 12.1 Overview 522 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Record Blocking 541 12.7 File Organization and Access 527 B-Trees 532 File Directories 535 File Sharing 540 Secondary Storage Management 543 File System Security 551 12.8 12.9 UNIX File Management 553 12.10 Linux Virtual File System 560 12.11 Windows File System 564 12.12 12.13 Recommended Reading 570 12.14 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Summary 569 Problems 571 PART 6 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 573 Chapter 13 Embedded Operating 13.1 13.2 Systems 573 Embedded Systems 574 Characteristics of Embedded
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