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    Page iii Multiagent Systems A Modern Approach to Distributed Modern Approach to Artificial Intelligence edited by Gerhard Weiss The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ©1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. This book was set in Computer Modern by Gerhard Weiss. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Page iv
    Multiagent systems: a modern approach to distributed artificial intelligence / edited by Gerhard Weiss p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-23203-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Intelligent agents (Computer software) 2. Distributed artificial intelligence. I. Weiss, Gerhard, 1962- . QA76.76.I58M85 1999 006.3—dc21 98-49797 CIP CONTENTS IN BRIEF Contributing Authors Preface Prologue Part I: Basic Themes 1 Intelligent Agents Michael Wooldridge 2 Multiagent Systems and Societies of Agents Michael N. Huhns and Larry M. Stephens 3 Distributed Problem Solving and Planning Edmund H. Durfee 4 Search Algorithms for Agents Makoto Yokoo and Toru Ishida Page v xix xxi 1 27 79 121 165
    5 Distributed Rational Decision Making Thomas W. Sandholm 6 Learning in Multiagent Systems Sandip Sen and Gerhard Weiss 7 Computational Organization Theory Kathleen M. Carley and Les Gasser 8 Formal Methods in DAI: Logic-Based Representation and Reasoning Munindar P. Singh, Anand S. Rao, and Michael P. Georgeff 9 Industrial and Practical Applications of DAIH. Van Dyke Parunak Part II: Related Themes 10 Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work Clarence Ellis and Jacques Wainer 11 Distributed Models for Decision Support Jose Cuena and Sascha Ossowski 12 Concurrent Programming for DAI Gul A. Agha and Nadeem Jamali 201 259 299 331 377 125 459 505 Page vi
    13 Distributed Control Algorithms for AI Geraint Tel Glossary Subject Index CONTENTS IN DETAIL Contributing Authors Preface Purpose, Features, Readership, How to Use This Book, One Final Word, Acknowledgments Prologue Multiagent Systems and Distributed Artificial Intelligence Intelligent Agents that Interact Challenging Issues Applications Rationales for Multiagent Systems A Guide to This Book The Chapters The Exercises Page vii 539 583 609 xix xxi 1 1 2 5 6 8 9 9 19
    The Glossary A Few Pointers to Further Readings References Part I: Basic Themes 1 Intelligent Agents Michael Wooldridge 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What Are Agents? 1.2.1 Examples of Agents 1.2.2 Intelligent Agents 1.2.3 Agents and Objects 1.2.4 Agents and Expert Systems 1.3 Abstract Architectures for Intelligent Agents 1.3.1 Purely Reactive Agents 1.3.2 Perception 1.3.3 Agents with State 1.4 Concrete Architectures for Intelligent Agents 1.4.1 Logic-based Architectures 1.4.2 Reactive Architectures 19 20 21 27 27 28 31 32 34 36 36 38 38 40 42 42 48 Page viii
    1.4.3 Belief-Desire-Intention Architectures 1.4.4 Layered Architectures 1.5 Agent Programming Languages 1.5.1 Agent-Oriented Programming 1.5.2 Concurrent METATEM 1.6 Conclusions 1.7 Exercises 1.8 References 2 Multiagent Systems and Societies of Agents Michael N. Huhns and Larry M. Stephens 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Motivations 2.1.2 Characteristics of Multiagent Environments 2.2 Agent Communications 2.2.1 Coordination 2.2.2 Dimensions of Meaning 2.2.3 Message Types 2.2.4 Communication Levels 2.2.5 Speech Acts 2.2.6 Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) 2.2.7 Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) 54 61 66 67 69 70 71 73 79 79 80 81 83 83 84 85 86 87 88 92
    2.2.8 Ontologies 2.2.9 Other Communication Protocols 2.3 Agent Interaction Protocols 2.3.1 Coordination Protocols 2.3.2 Cooperation Protocols 2.3.3 Contract Net 2.3.4 Blackboard Systems 2.3.5 Negotiation 2.3.6 Multiagent Belief Maintenance 2.3.7 Market Mechanisms 2.4 Societies of Agents 2.5 Conclusions 2.6 Exercises 2.7 References 3 Distributed Problem Solving and Planning Edmund H. Durfee 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Example Problems 3.3 Task Sharing 94 95 96 97 99 100 103 104 107 109 111 114 114 118 121 121 122 124 Page ix
    3.3.1 Task Sharing in the Tower of Hanoi (Toll) Problem 3.3.2 Task Sharing in Heterogeneous Systems 3.3.3 Task Sharing for Distributed Sensor Network Establishment (DSNE) 3.3.4 Task Sharing for Interdependent Tasks 3.4 Result Sharing 3.4.1 Functionally Accurate Cooperation 3.4.2 Shared Repositories and Negotiated Search 3.4.3 Distributed Constrained Heuristic Search 3.4.4 Organizational Structuring 3.4.5 Communication Strategies 3.4.6 Task Structures 3.5 Distributed Planning 3.5.1 Centralized Planning for Distributed Plans 3.5.2 Distributed Planning for Centralized Plans 3.5.3 Distributed Planning for Distributed Plans 3.6 Distributed Plan Representations 3.7 Distributed Planning and Execution 3.7.1 Post-Planning Coordination 3.7.2 Pre-Planning Coordination 3.7.3 Interleaved Planning, Coordination, and Execution 3.7.4 Runtime Plan Coordination Without Communication 125 127 129 130 131 131 133 133 135 137 138 139 139 140 141 149 151 151 152 153 156
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