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A Retargetable C Compiler_Design and Implementation.pdf

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    A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation Christopher W. Fraser AT&T BELL LABORATORIES David R. Hanson PRINCETON UNIVERSITY The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Redwood City, CA • Menlo Park, CA • Reading, MA • New York Don Mills, Ontario •Wokingham, UK •Amsterdam • Bonn Sydney • Singapore • Tokyo • Madrid • San Juan
    Acquisitions Editor: John Carter Shanklin Executive Editor: Dan Joraanstad Editorial Assistant: Melissa Standen Production Supervisor: Ray Kanarr Cover Design and Illustration: Cloyce Wall Text Designer: Peter Vacek Copyeditor: Elizabeth Gehrman Proofreader: Christine Sabooni Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Benjamin/Cummings was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or in all caps. Camera-ready copy for this book was prepared using !<\TEX, Ti;){, and Adobe Illus trator. Instructional Material Disclaim.er The program presented in this book has been included for its instructional value. It has been tested with care but is not guaranteed for any particular purpose. Nei ther the publisher, AT&T, or the authors offer any warranties or representations, nor do they accept any liabilities with respect to the program. Copyright© 1995 by AT&T and David R. Hanson. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocop)'ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Printed simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fraser, Chistopher W. A retargetable C compiler: design and implementation I Christopher W. Fraser, David R. Hanson p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-8053-1670-1 1. C (Computer program language) 2. Compilers (Computer programs) I. Hanson, David R. QA76.73.C15F75 1995 OOS.4'53--dc20 II. Title. ISBN 0-8053-1670-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DOC 98 97 96 95 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 390 Bridge Parkway Redwood City, CA 94065 94-24583 CIP
    To Linda To Maylee
    Contents Preface xiii 1 2 3 Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 literate Programs 1 How to Read This Book 2 Overview 4 Design 11 Common Declarations 16 Syntax Specifications 19 Errors 20 Further Reading 21 Storage Management 23 2.1 Memory Management Interlace 23 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Arena Representation 24 Allocating Space 26 Deallocating Space 28 Strings 28 Further Reading 31 Exercises 32 Symbol Management 35 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Representing Symbols 37 Representing Symbol Tables 39 Changing Scope 42 Finding and Installing Identifiers 44 Labels 45 Constants 47 Generated Variables 49 Further Reading 51 Exercises 51 vii
    viii CONTENTS 4 5 6 Types 53 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4. 7 4.8 Representing Types 53 Type Management 56 Type Predicates 60 Type Constructors 61 Function Types 63 Structure and Enumeration Types 65 Type-Checking Functions 69 Type Mapping 73 Further Reading 7 4 Exercises 7 4 Code Generation Interface 78 Type Metrics 78 5.1 Interface Records 79 5.2 Symbols 80 5.3 Types 81 5.4 Dag Operators 81 5.5 Interface Flags 87 5.6 Initialization 89 5.7 Definitions 89 5.8 Constants 91 5.9 5.10 Functions 92 5.11 5.12 Upcalls 97 Interface Binding 96 Further Reading 99 Exercises 100 Lexical Analysis 102 Input 103 6.1 Recognizing Tokens 107 6.2 6.3 Recognizing Keywords 113 Recognizing Identifiers 114 6.4 Recognizing Numbers 115 6.5 Recognizing Character Constants and Strings 121 6.6 Further Reading 124 Exercises 12 5
    CONTENTS 7 8 9 Languages and Grammars 12 7 Ambiguity and Parse Trees 128 Top-Down Parsing 132 FIRST and FOLLOW Sets 134 Parsing 127 7 .1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Writing Parsing Functions 137 7.6 Handling Syntax Errors 140 Further Reading 14 5 Exercises 14 5 Expressions 147 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Representing Expressions 147 Parsing Expressions 151 Parsing C Expressions 154 Assignment Expressions 156 Conditional Expressions 159 Binary Expressions 160 Unary and Postfix Expressions 163 Primary Expressions 166 Further Reading 170 Exercises 171 Expression Semantics 172 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Conversions 172 Unary and Postfix Operators 178 Function Calls 183 Binary Operators 191 Assignments 195 Conditionals 200 Constant Folding 202 Further Reading 214 Exercises 214 10 Statements 216 10.1 Representing Code 216 10.2 Execution Points 220 10.3 Recognizing Statements 221 10.4 10.5 Labels and Gotos 226 If Statements 224
    x CONTENTS 10.6 Loops 227 10.7 Switch Statements 230 10.8 Return Statements 243 10.9 Managing Labels and Jumps 246 Further Reading 249 Exercises 250 11 Declarations 252 11.1 Translation Units 253 11.2 Declarations 254 11.3 Declarators 265 ll.4 Function Declarators 270 Structure Specifiers 276 11.5 11.6 Function Definitions 285 11. 7 Compound Statements 293 11.8 Finalization 303 11.9 The Main Program 305 Further Reading 308 Exercises 308 12 Generating lntennediate Code 311 12.1 Eliminating Common Subexpressions 313 12.2 Building Nodes 317 12.3 Flow of Control 321 12.4 Assignments 328 Function Calls 332 12.5 12.6 Enforcing Evaluation Order 335 12.7 Driving Code Generation 337 12.8 Eliminating Multiply Referenced Nodes 342 Further Reading 349 Exercises 349 13 Structuring the Code Generator 352 Interface Extensions 354 13.1 Organization of the Code Generator 353 13.2 13.3 Upcalls 357 13.4 Node Extensions 358 13.5 13.6 Frame Layout 364 Symbol Extensions 362
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