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P C A A D 6.0 Personal Computer Aided Antenna Design Version 6.0 David M. Pozar Antenna Design Associates, Inc. Leverett, MA 01054

On the cover: 3D pattern plot for a circular array of radius 1.4λ, isotropic elements, spacing of 0.4λ. Copyright  2007 David M. Pozar Antenna Design Associates, Inc. 55 Teawaddle Hill Road Leverett, MA 01054 USA All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author.

Contents A. System Requirements B. Installing PCAAD 6.0 C. The PCAAD6.INI file A. Organization of PCAAD 6.0 B. Entering Data and Running the Routines C. Pattern Calculation and Plotting D. Saving Pattern Data E. Impedance Calculation and Plotting F. Help I. Introduction to PCAAD 6.0 A. What's New in PCAAD 6.0 B. Disclaimer II. Getting Started With PCAAD 6.0 III. Using PCAAD 6.0 - General Instructions IV. Using PCAAD 6.0 - Instructions and Examples 1. Wire Dipole Antenna Analysis 2. Wire Dipole Radar Cross-Section Analysis 3. V-Dipole Antenna Analysis 4. Wire Loop Antenna Analysis A. The Plot Menu 1. Polar Pattern Plot 2. Rectangular Pattern Plot 3. 3-D Pattern Plot 4. Smith Chart Plot 5. VSWR/Return Loss Plot 6. Default Plot Types 7. Default Plot Colors 8. Exit B. The Edit Menu 1. Copy Window 2. Copy Graph 3. Copy Text 4. Paste Text 5. Edit File 6. Print Window C. The Wire Antennas Menu 1 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 9 9 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 15 16 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 22 22 24 26 28

5. Yagi Dipole Array Analysis 6. Finite Wire Dipole Array Analysis 7. Log Periodic Dipole Array Design 8. Log Periodic Dipole Array Analysis 9. General Wire Antenna Analysis D. The Array Antennas Menu 1. Uniform Linear Array Design and Analysis 2. Linear Subarray Design and Analysis 3. Uniform Rectangular Array Design and Analysis 4. Uniform Circular Planar Array Design and Analysis 5. Arbitrary Planar Array Design and Analysis 6. Infinite Printed Dipole Array Analysis 7. Woodward-Lawson Linear Array Pattern Synthesis 8. Grating Lobe Diagram for a Planar Array 9. Effect of Array Excitation Errors and Failed Elements E. The Aperture Antennas Menu 1. Traveling Wave Line Source Analysis 2. Rectangular Aperture Antenna Analysis 3. Circular Aperture Antenna Analysis 4. E- and H-Plane Sectoral Horn Analysis 5. Pyramidal and Corrugated Pyramidal Horn Analysis 6. Diagonal Horn Analysis 7. Conical and Corrugated Conical Horn Analysis 8. Approximate Parabolic Reflector Analysis 9. Parabolic Reflector Pattern Analysis F. The Microstrip Antennas Menu 1. Rectangular Probe-Fed Patch Analysis (Carver model) 2. Rectangular Probe-Fed Patch Analysis (cavity model) 3. Rectangular Line-Fed Patch Analysis 4. Rectangular Proximity-Fed Patch Analysis 5. Rectangular Aperture Coupled Patch Analysis 6. Circular Probe-Fed Patch Analysis G. The Transmission Lines and Waveguides Menu 1. Microstrip Line Analysis and Design 2. Covered Microstrip Line Analysis 3. Stripline Analysis and Design 4. Coaxial Line Analysis 5. Rectangular Waveguide Analysis 6. Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data 7. Circular Waveguide Analysis 8. Surface Wave Analysis 2 30 32 35 36 38 41 41 46 48 50 51 53 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 64 66 68 69 71 72 74 74 75 77 79 81 83 85 85 87 88 90 91 92 93 94

H. The Miscellaneous Menu 1. Communication Link Loss 2. Polarization Mismatch Between Two Antennas 3. Atmospheric and Rain Attenuation 4. Axial Ratio versus Amplitude and Phase Error 5. Antenna Noise Temperature 6. Microwave and Antenna Calculator V. References 95 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 3

I. Introduction to PCAAD 6.0 PCAAD 6.0 is a Windows-compatible software package that contains over 45 separate routines for the analysis and design of wire antennas, array antennas, aperture antennas, microstrip antennas, and transmission lines and waveguides. These routines are integrated into a menu- driven, user-friendly software package that allows you to quickly evaluate impedance and pattern characteristics for a large variety of antenna geometries. Some of the main features of PCAAD 6.0 include the following: • A user-friendly Windows interface • Full 32-bit compiled software • Very simple and intuitive operation • Fast results for first-cut designs • Graphic illustrations of each antenna geometry • Polar, rectangular, and 3-D pattern plots • Smith chart, VSWR, and return loss plots for input impedance • Data file output for patterns and impedance matrices • On-line help • Validation examples for each analysis routine A. What's New in PCAAD 6.0 PCAAD 6.0 for Windows contains substantial improvements and enhancements compared to the previous version, PCAAD 5.0 [1]. Some of the specific improvements in this version of PCAAD are listed below: • • • • • • • • analysis of diagonal horn antennas phase center calculation for horn antennas analysis of rectangular and circular aperture antennas data for antenna noise temperature calculation of radio link loss calculation of polarization mismatch data for atmospheric and rain attenuation calculation of axial ratio due to amplitude and phase errors 4

calculation of array sidelobe level due to random errors co- and cross-pol patterns for all antennas pattern phase data can be saved to pattern file calculator for useful microwave and antenna functions plot up to five data sets on Smith chart plots log files written for all wire antenna solutions improved accuracy for conical horns arbitrary grid angle allowed in Grating Lobe routine can copy active window to clipboard improved graphics, error checking, and Help • • • • • • • • • • • Glossary of antenna terms included with Short Course PCAAD 6.0 is intended for use by systems and design engineers, researchers, and students who need a quick solution to a canonical antenna design or analysis problem. Most of the routines in PCAAD 6.0 involve basic antenna elements whose theory and characteristics are thoroughly described in a number of texts on antennas [2]-[9]. All of the solutions used in PCAAD 6.0 are based on these results, or on similar well-established and proven methods. B. Disclaimer This software package has been written and tested with care. Nevertheless, this software and its associated user's manual are provided as is, without warranty of any kind. Neither the author nor Antenna Design Associates, Inc., make any warranties, expressed or implied, that the software or the manual are free of error, or will meet the requirements of any particular application. The software should not be relied upon for the generation of data where such data, if incorrect or inapplicable, could result in loss of property or personal injury. Any use of the software or the manual in such a manner is at the user's own risk. The author and Antenna Design Associates, Inc., disclaim all liability for direct, incidental, or consequential damages resulting from any use of the software or manual. 5

II. Getting Started With PCAAD 6.0 A. System Requirements PCAAD 6.0 will operate on PC-compatible computers running Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, or Windows Vista. PCAAD 6.0 requires a 32-bit operating system, and will not run under Windows 3.1. Best results will be obtained with a color monitor having a resolution of at least 800 x 600. Installation requires a CD-ROM drive. PCAAD 6.0 occupies less than 8 MB of disk space. Since PCAAD 6.0 runs under Microsoft Windows operating systems, we assume you are familiar with basic Windows usage. Thus, you should know how to run programs from Windows, how to create and rearrange program shortcuts, how to create, copy, and delete files, and how to use Windows menus, text boxes, and control buttons. It is also helpful to be aware of how to open, close, move, and resize windows. B. Installing PCAAD 6.0 Installing PCAAD 6.0 on your system is easy. Insert the distribution CD into your CD drive, and execute the SETUP.EXE program that is located on the CD. Installation may require Administrator access, depending on your operating system. By default, the setup program will install PCAAD 6.0 into a subdirectory called PCAAD6 in the Windows Program Files directory, but a different directory may be specified, if desired. The setup program will decompress and install all necessary files, and a PCAAD 6.0 entry will be created on your Start Menu, and a PCAAD 6.0 icon will be installed on your desktop. PCAAD uses a number of small bitmap files, which are stored in the PCAAD6\BMP subdirectory. PCAAD 6.0 can be started from the Start Menu, or from the PCAAD 6.0 icon on your desktop. The PCAAD 6.0 subdirectory, PCAAD6\SHORTCOURSE, which contains PDF files for an introductory short course on antennas. The course is arranged by Chapters 0 through 7, where Chapter 0 lists the contents and syllabus for the course. Chapters 1 through 7 provide a basic introduction to antenna theory and design, and include examples, review questions, and problems. The course concludes with the Antenna IQ test. Answers to the test and all problems are given in the Answers.pdf file. There is also a short Glossary on commonly used terms related to antenna technology. These files may be accessed from the PCAAD6\SHORTCOURSE directory. The Acrobat PDF reader is required to view the short course files. installation procedure also creates a 6.0 Help menu, the PCAAD or directly from 6

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